Second  Annual  Meeting 


OF  THE 


(California 


AT  THE  ^ . 

UNIVERSITY  FARM 

DAVIS,  CALIFORNIA 

APRIL  18,  1910 


SECOND     ANNUAL     MEETING     OF     THE     CALIFORNIA 

ASSOCIATION    OF    MEDICAL    MILK    COMMISSIONS. 

(At  the  University  Farm,  Davis,  California.) 

(Monday,  April  18,  1910.) 


A  meeting  of  the  Medical  Milk  Commissions  of  California  was 
held  at  the  University  Farm,  Davis,  on  April  18,  1910.  This 
meeting  was  open  to  the  public  and  was  attended  by  about  seventy- 
five  persons,  who  were  interested  in  the  production  and  sale  of  certi- 
fied milk,  and  who  took  part  in  the  discussions.  The  following  milk 
Commissions  were  represented: 

Alameda  County  Medical  Milk  Commission. 

Los  Angeles  County  Medical  Milk  Commission. 

Santa  Barbara  County  Medical  Milk  Commission. 

San  Francisco  County  Medical  Milk  Commission. 

Previous  to  the  regular  program  an  opportunity  was  given  the 
visitors  to  go  over  the  University  Farm  Dairy  and  Creamery  and  to 
view  the  work  which  is  being  done  by  this  important  department 
of  the  University. 

An  exhibition  of  certified  milk  was  held  which  was  contributed  to 
by  the  following  producers : 

1 — Burrough  Bros.,  Walnut  Grove  Dairy,  San  Jose,  Cal. 

2 — The  Ideal  Farms,  San  Anselmo,  Cal. 

3— The  Potter  Dairy,  .Goleta,  Cal. 

4 — -E.   F.  Robbins,  Arden  Dairy,  Pasadena,  Cal. 

5 — H.  R.  Timm,  Dixon,  Cal. 

After  lunch  at  the  University  Farm  Dining  Hall,  the  following 
program  was  presented : 

1. — Address  of  Welcome,  Mr.  Roger  Roberts. 

2. — History  of  Certified  Milk  in  California,  Dr.  Adelaide  Brown. 

3. — Demonstration  of  the  Tuberculin  Test  in  Cattle  and  Physical 
Examination  of  Infected  Cows?  Dr.  C.  M.  Haring  and  Dr.  Walter 
Bates. 

4. — The  Milk  Production  Problem,  Prof.  Herbert  A.  Hopper. 

5. — Control  of  Bovine  Tuberculosis  in  Certified  Dairies,  Prof. 
A.  R.  Ward. 

6. — Use  of  the  Score  Card  in  Dairy  Inspection,  Dr.  Chester  Road- 
house. 

7.— The  Pure  Milk  Problem,  Prof.  F.  D.  Hawk. 

8. — Results  of  Some  Investigations  Concerning  Bovine  Tuber- 
culosis, Prof.  C.  M.  Haring. 

9. — Demonstration  of  the  Organs  of  a  Reacting  Cow  Previously 
Examined  Before  the  Meetm^  yr^Ches^er  Roadhouse. 


At  six  o'clock  the  delegates  and  visitors  assembled  for  dinner  at 
the  University  Farm  Dining  Hall,  after  which  an  informal  discus- 
sion was  held  on  various  topics  of  interest  to  Medical  Milk  Com- 
missions. 

It  was  decided  that  the  Medical  Milk  Commissions,  now  certify- 
ing milk  in  California,  should  form  an  association  to  be  known  as 
the  Association  of  Medical  Milk  Commissions  of  California,  for  the 
purpose  of  co-operating  with  the  Public  Healtft  Association,  for 
holding  public  meetings  of  an  instructive  nature  similar  to  this  one 
and  for  furthering  in  every  way  the  production  and  sale  of  certified 
milk. 

No  officers  were  elected. 

It  is  proposed  to  hold  another  public  meeting  of  this  Association 
in  September  in  conjunction  with  the  meeting  of  the  Public  Health 
Association.  Respectfully, 

LEWIS  SAYRE  MACE,   M.   D., 
ADELAIDE  BROWN,  M.  D., 

Executive  Committee. 


MEETING  OF  THE   MEDICAL   MILK   COMMISSIONS   OF 

CALIFORNIA. 

(The  University  Farm,  Davis,  California,  Monday,  April  18,»1910.) 

Address    of    Welcome. 
By  Mr.  Roger  Roberts 

Dr.  Anderson  deeply  regrets  being  unable  to  be  present 
to-day  to  welcome  you  in  person;  so  do  I.  It  is  now  approx- 
imately four  years  since  the  Legislature  at  Sacramento  appro- 
priated money  for  the  purpose  of  founding  this  Farm  and 
School  of  Agriculture  thereon.  The  administration  of  the  funds 
was  in  the  hands  of  the  regents  of  the  University  of  California.  The 
first  steps  taken  in  the  development  of  this  farm  was  the  erection 
of  buildings  for  the  harboring  of  live  stock.  In  time  we  were  able 
to  handle  milk  and  milk  products  in  a  scientific,  modern  way.  The 
next  thing  was  the  erection  of  a  dormitory  for  the  boys  who  are 
interested  enough  in  agriculture  to  come  here  to  receive  what  we 
have  to  give.  Now  buildings  have  been  erected  and  the  whole  thing 
has  gone  forward  until  you  see  the  plant  that  we  have  here  to-day. 
Live-stock  buildings  and  other  barns  are  now  needed ;  exactly  where 
we  have  the  administration  building,  grain  houses  are  to  be  erected. 
Much  good  work  has  been  done  here.  In  Dr.  Haring  we  have  a  man 
who  is  capable  of  the  best.  Three  years  ago  he  commenced  opera- 
tions here  under  very  trying  conditions,  as  there  were  practically 
no  buildings  and  no  equipment.  His  building  is  now  up,  although 
not  thoroughly  equipped,  and  the  next  time  that  you  come  here  we 
hope  you  can  approach  it  over  a  pleasing  grade,  and  I  know  that 
you  will  find  all  corrals  well  ordered,  operating  room  fitted  with 
sinks,  the  carpenter  work  will  be  finished  and  the  building  in  such 
a  way  as  to  meet  the  highest  possible  ideals  of  sanitation.  We  hope 
that  in  the  future  our  work  will  be  such  as  to  meet  with  your 
approval.  It  is  a  great  pleasure  for  us  to  have  you  here  to-day  and 
it  will  gratify  us  to  take  you  over  the  grounds  and  through  the 
buildings  for  your  inspection. 


3 


HISTORY  OF  CERTIFIED   MILK  IN   CALIFORNIA. 

By  Dr.  Adelaide  Brown. 

The  first  Medical  Milk  Commission  was  established  by  Dr.  Henry 
L.  Coit,  of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  in  1893.  The  general  plan  of  this 
Medical  Milk  Commission  has  been  followed  since  throughout  the 
United  States.  The  production  of  the  dairy  which  comes  up  to  the 
requirements  for  cleanliness  as  shown  by  the  bacterial  count,  fat 
percentage  and  general  chemical  tests,  and  in  dairy  technic  and  the 
tuberculin  test  given  every  six  months  to  the  herd  is  certified ; 
these  being  the  standards  of  the  Commission  for  the  production  of 
a  pure  and  completely  sanitary  milk. 

In  1907,  as  a  result  of  the  example  of  this  first  Medical  Milk  Com- 
mission, twenty-two  milk  commissioners  sent  their  delegates  to 
Atlantic  City,  and  the  American  Association  of  Medical  Milk  Com- 
missions was  formed.  This  Association  was  addressed  by  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  experts,  by  specialists  in 
sanitation,  etc.,  and  resolved  itself  into  standing  committees  to  dis- 
cuss the  points  of  variation  in  the  individual  commissions  and  to 
construct  a  working  standard  for  the  use  of  all  milk  commissions. 
The  reports  of  the  work  of  these  committees  and  the  reports  of  the 
certified  dairies  made  the  program  of  the  second  meeting  of  the 
American  Association  of  the  Medical  Milk  Commission  at  Chicago 
in  1908.  At  this  meeting  the  milk  commission  had  increased  in 
number  from  twenty-two  to  forty-eight,  and  standard  requirements 
on  the  fat  test  and  bacteriological  test  as  recommended  by  the 
American  Public  Health  Association  were  adopted.  In  1909  the 
third  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Milk  Commissions 
took  place  at  Atlantic  City  and  reports  were  sent  in  from  fifty-six 
commissions,  representing  twenty-two  different  States,  many  States 
having  protected  during  the  year  through  legislation,  the  term 
"certified  milk,"  thus  recognizing  and  endorsing  the  voluntary  work 
of  the  milk  commissions.  The  California  Legislature  passed  such 
an  act  in  January,  1909. 

In  California  there  are  at  present  three  milk  commissions  repre- 
senting the  Alameda  County  Medical  Society,  the  San  Francisco 
County  Medical  Society  and  the  Los  Angeles  County  Medical 
Society;  and  in  the  process  of  the  making  there  is  one  in  Sacramento 
and  one  in  San  Jose.  The  milk  commissions  in  the  bay  region  of 
California  are  certifying  to  three  dairies  and  San  Francisco  is  to-day 
consuming  2,000  quarts  of  certified  milk,  while  probably  about  1,500 
quarts  are  being  used  in  Oakland,  Alameda  and  Berkeley.  Certified 
milk  is  also  procurable  on  the  trains  of  the  Southern  Pacific  and  has 
been  sent  across  the  continent  and  across  the  Pacific  numerous 
times. 

The  certified  dairies  of  Mr.  Nelson  and  Mr.  Timm  entered  into 
the  contest  in  Cincinnati  and  were  high  up  in  the  honorable  mention 
class.  Though  their  milk  was  eight  days  old  when  it  reached  Cin- 
cinnati, the  bacterial  count  was  excellent.  One  sample  contained 
"only  100  bacteria  to  the  cubic  cm.  and  nine  of  the  twenty-four 
samples  sent  contained  less  than  1,000  bacteria  to  the  cubic  cm." 
(below  10,000  being  required). 

4 


A  most  valuable  demonstration  of  the  use  of  certified  milk  has 
been  made  this  year  in  San  Francisco  when  the  foundling  infants 
were  removed  from  the  Asylum  and  the  "boarding-out"  system  tried. 
Under  this  change  alone  a  death  rate  of  40%  plus  was  reduced  to 
12%  in  the  first  six  months,  the  feeding  of  the  child  being  left  to 
the  judgment  of  the  woman  with  whom  it  was  boarded.  A  careful 
investigation  then  showed  that  the  children  were  not  gaining  as 
normal  children  should  and  in  most  cases  were  being  fed  condensed 
milk.  Certified  milk  was  then  secured  for  these  infants,  and  under 
the  services  of  a  nurse  the  foster-mothers  were  taught  artificial 
feeding,  with  the  result  within  the  next  six  months  of  a  death  rate 
of  less  than  2%,  and  an  absolute  gain  in  the  normal  in  practically 
all  of  the  cases.  The  remarkable  effect  of  clean  milk  in  infant  feed- 
ing can  only  be  appreciated  by  the  physician  who  is  constantly  in 
contact  with  the  problem  of  artificial  feeding.  The  bottle  baby  has 
become  with  this  pure  food  product  a  more  normal  citizen.  The 
work  of  the  Medical  Milk  Commissions  seems  to  me  to  express 
as  thoroughly  as  does  the  anti-tuberculosis  work  of  the  medical 
profession  the  new  and  preventive  methods  in  medical  practice. 
Keeping  the  child  well  is  far  more  worth  while  than  caring  for  its 
digestive  disturbances  when  poor  grades  of  milk  are  furnished  it. 


THE    MILK    PRODUCTION    PROBLEM. 

By  Prof.  Herbert  A.  Hopper. 

Much  that  will  be  said  in  this  paper  is  already  well  known  to  those 
who  are  following  the  trend  of  modern  tendencies  in  the  produc- 
tion and  handling  of  milk  for  direct  consumption.  From  the  finan- 
cial and  especially  the  public  health  point  of  view,  it  is  a  national 
problem  and  is  absorbing  the  attention  of  thinking  men  and  women 
everywhere.  While  most  forms  of  food  have  in  recent  years  come 
more  or  less  completely  under  the  supervision  of  the  pure-food 
authorities,  no  one  form  has  given  them  so  much  anxiety  as  has  the 
milk  supply.  Certainly  their  efforts  in  controlling  the  sanitary 
features  of  other  food  supplies  have  met  with  more  success  than 
those  directed  toward  the  dairy  and  its  product.  The  reasons  for 
this  are  not  hard  to  find.  The  problem  is  a  complex  one.  Unlike 
some  other  forms  of  production,  dairying  does  not  yield  readily 
to  centralization.  Its  separate  units  are  hard  to  fit  into  a  sys- 
tematic organization.  The  local  and  special  demands  of  each 
farm  makes  its  successful  operation  largely  a  problem  by  itself, 
and  to  this  extent  so  far  has  prevented  any  considerable  number 
of  farms  being  operated  in  accordance  with  any  plan  or  scheme  of 
centralization.  The  points  of  view,  training,  methods  and  aims 
of  the  operators  have  lacked  so  much  in  uniformity  that  the 
quality  of  the  product  has  been  made  more  difficult  to  control. 
Methods  of  inspection  and  control  as  used  in  other  lines  have  often 
met  with  uncertain  results  when  applied  to  the  milk  supply. 
Further,  the  attitude  of  producers  in  general,  and  the  training  and 
personality  of  the  inspector  as  well  are  to  be  considered.  At  best, 
it  has  been  a  long-range  effort,  associated  with  many  serious  diffi- 
culties, though  much  progress,  has  been  made.  The  subject  of 
milk  production  is  too  large  to  compass  in  one  paper.  It  is  my 


desire,  therefore,  to  consider  a  few  of  the  economic  features  of  the 
business  that  tend  to  encourage  or  discourage  the  production  of 
more  acceptable  grades  of  milk. 

There  are  numerous  organizations  to  promote  better  methods 
among  milk  producers.  In  order  that  their  efforts  may  be  most 
fruitful,  their  recommendations  must  point  the  way  to  greater 
profits  for  the  producer.  Nothing  educates  so  effectively  as  an 
increase  in  price.  In  the  butter-producing  industry  we  are  now 
confronted  with  an  aggravating  situation  as  regards  appreciation 
for  quality  in  cream  deliveries.  The  competition  has  been  so 
strong  for  cream  of  any  quality  that  the  respect  of  the  producer 
for  proper  sanitary  provisions  has  been  well  nigh  destroyed.  With 
the  knowledge  that  poor  stuff  commands  the  same  price  as  good 
material,  he  has  lost  interest  in  maintaining  high  standards. 
This  emphasizes  the  necessity  for  a  price  recognition  in  order  to 
attract  and  hold  quality  and  is  applicable  to  the  improvement  of 
the  milk  supply.  Any  effort  to  improve  the  milk  supply  which 
overlooks  this  fact,  starts  out  at  a  disadvantage. 

Milk    Has    Not    Sold   for    Its    Full    Value. 

In  recent  years  the  cost  of  labor  and  food  supplies  has  advanced 
rapidly  and  most  producers  with  herds  of  only  average  economic- 
ability  have  been  getting  the  short  end  of  profits  from  the  sale  of 
their  product.  The  advancement  of  the  selling  price  has  not  kept 
pace  with  the  increase  in  cost,  and,  consequently,  dairymen  have 
often  looked  upon  the  agitation  for  better  milk  with  considerable 
well-founded  suspicion.  It  is  said  that  since  1894  the  cost  of  labor 
has  increased  100%  ;  the  installation  of  new  appliances  and  equip- 
ment for  the  proper  handling  of  milk,  20%,  and  feed  in  general, 
50%.  The  cost  of  sound  cattle  has  advanced  75%.  Where  a  few 
years  ago,  bran,  a  staple  dairy  concentrate,  could  be  purchased  at 
$14.00  per  ton,  it  now  costs  about  $30.00.  With  a  similar  advance- 
ment in  other  feeds,  as  well  as  in  labor,  it  is  conservative  to  say 
that  these  elements  in  the  cost  of  production  have  doubled  in  recent 
years. 

A  further  and  equally  important  factor  influencing  increased 
cost  is  the. rapid  increase  in  land  values,  especially  of  those  lands 
available  for  dairying.  Naturally,  the  milk  supply  must  be  drawn 
from  territory  within  a  "certain  radius  of  the  centers  of  population. 
Consequently,  the  price  that  is  forthcoming  will  determine  the 
lands  that  can  be  used  and  their  location  will  affect  directly  and 
indirectly  the  quality,  as  well  as  the  quantity  of  milk  to  be  pro- 
duced. With  good  cows  and  good  business  methods,  dairying  will 
pay  on  high-priced  lands,  if  milk  is  paid  for  at  a  price  commensurate 
with  other  food  products.  When  the  consumers  refuse  to  pay  a 
fair  price,  production  is  shifted  to  cheaper  and  more  remote  lands 
where  it  is  harded  to  supervise  and  the  difficulties  of  transportation 
augmented.  Many  a  careful  producer  has  been  crowded  out 
through  the  preference  of  consumers  for  a  cheap,  inferior  grade  of 
milk.  Cases  of  this  kind  are  matters  of  common  observation. 
Until  some  substantial  readjustment  of  cost  takes  place,  we  can 
expect  little  more  in  the  way  of  care  on  the  part  of  average  open- 
minded  dairymen. 


It  stands  to  reason  that  milk  produced  under  proper  sanitary 
conditions  cannot  be  sold  for  the  same  price  that  is  demanded  by 
the  dealer  in  unsanitary  milk,  and  no  sane  consumer,  were  he  to 
give  the  matter  thought,  would  begrudge  the  difference  in  price. 
Who  is  to  derive  the  benefit  from  these  efforts,  if  not  the  consumer? 
Let  him  bear  his  share  of  the  burden. 


Producers    Should    Seek    to    Reduce    the    Cost. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  bulk  of  dairy  farmers  are  doing 
all  that  they  can  to  reduce  cost  of  production,  and  for  this  reason 
the  consumer  should  not  be  expected  to  make  up  for  the  short- 
comings of  the  former.  My  own  study  of  dairy  cows  and  dairy 
farm  practices  has  shown  that  a  considerable  portion  of  the  cows 
are  not  profitable  as  fed  and  cared  for,  and  that  those  in  charge  of 
them  are  often  not  sufficiently  alert  to  the  opportunities  for  cutting 
down  the  cost.  There  is  a  wealth  of  data  to  establish  these  facts, 
but,  in  spite  of  them,  the  indifferent  producer  is  more  inclined  to 
look  for  relief  in  a  larger  price  than  to  try  to  reduce  the  cost.  The 
establishment  of  herd  improvement  associations  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  systematic  record  keeping  and  breeding,  as  well  as  better 
dairy  ideals  and  practices,  will  do  much  to  narrow  the  gap  between 
cost  and  selling  price.  The  most  careful  attention  to  economy 
cannot  be  expected,  however,  to  counterbalance  the  increased  price 
of  raw  material. 


Producers    Should    Be    Consulted. 

In  most  discussions  and  arguments  which  have  led  up  to  the 
adoption  of  new  regulations,  the  farmer  has  not  been  consulted 
and  his  opinion  has  not  been  asked.  Rules  and  regulations  have 
been  enacted  quite  arbitrarily  by  those  who  happen  to  be  in 
authority,  without  conference  or  consultation,  not  only  with  the 
producer  but  with  many  others  whose  opinions  and  judgments 
would  be  of  value  in  arriving  at  a  decision  which  would  be  just 
and  equitable  to  all  concerned.  In  some  cases,  progress  has  been 
blocked  by  trying  to  force  regulations  upon  an  unwilling  dairyman. 
While  the  enforcement  of  regulations  is  necessary,  the  indifferent 
ones  are  more  successfully  dealt  with  by  encouragement  and 
instruction.  The  bulk  of  dairymen  are  reasonable  if  approached 
in  the  proper  way. 

Best  and  quickest  results  will  follow  the  taking  of  the  producer 
into  confidential  relations.  Give  him  credit  for  a  knowledge  of  his 
own  requirements  and  necessities.  Assume  that  he  is  willing  to 
regard  the  rights  of  others  and  expects  to  have  the  same  courtesy 
extended  to  him.  Committees  on  milk  improvement  should 
include  leading  producers  who  are  in  touch  with  the  practical  diffi- 
culties of  the  business.  Their  actions  will  render  the  actions  of 
the  committee  more  sane  and  stimulate  the  confidence  of  other 
producers  in  such  measures  as  are  enacted.  Give  the  dairyman  a 
hand  in  the  formulation  of  regulations  and  you  bind  him  to  their 
execution  without  strict  inspection. 


Producers'   Attitude   Toward   Sound   Cows. 

While  the  atmosphere  has  cleared  considerably  regarding  the 
importance  of  sound  cows,  there  are  still  some  anomalous  situa- 
tions. Opposition  to  the  tuberculin  test  has  been  more  an  eco- 
nomic objection  than  a  sanitary  or  public  health  objection.  On 
the  fact  of  it,  the  compulsory  disposal  by  slaughter  of  an  afflicted 
animal  without  partial  reimbursement  is  resented  as  contrary  to 
economic  necessities.  This  position  has  been  quite  generally 
assumed  by  dairymen  everywhere.  They  have  failed,  however,  to 
see  an  advantage  in  the  larger  economic  returns  of  a  sound  herd. 
This  is  a  strong  argument  for  the  voluntary  weeding  out  of  afflicted 
animals.  It  comes  with  especial  force  to  the  dairyman  breeder 
who  is  looking  for  two  returns  from  his  herd.  Everything  that  will 
contribute  to  soundness  must  be  encouraged,  but  we  should  not 
stop  at  mere  freedom  from  disease.  The  herd  must  pay.  Certain 
figures  have  been  exhibited  that  go  to  show  that  the  continued 
testing  of  a  herd  for  tuberculosis  will  eventually  weed  out  the 
most  profitable  cows.  If  this  is  true,  it  strikes  right  at  the  vitals 
of  the  business. 

I  call  to  mind  two  herds.  In  one,  the  owner  has  been  working 
for  years  to  establish  large  yields  by  judicious  breeding,  feeding 
and  care.  The  present  condition  of  the  cows  shows  that  he  has 
been  remarkably  successful  to  this  end.  The  great,  strong  cows, 
with  every  evidence  of  marked  capacity  for  profits,  are  uniformly 
admired.  He  has  never  made  a  practice  of  tuberculin  testing, 
but  has  exercised  his  own  form  ,of  control  by  removing  animals  at 
the  first  indication  of  physical  decline.  This  herd  is  one  of  the 
most  profitable  I  have  ever  seen,  and  outwardly  is  in  the  best  of 
physical  condition.  , 

The  other  herd  has  been  gathered  from  the  four  winds  and  rep- 
resents a  heterogenous  mixture  of  common  stuff  without  evidence 
of  improvement.  Periodic  tests  are  made,  and  each  time  a  certain 
percentage  must  go.  If  any  of  the  cows  happen  to  have  eminated 
from  communities  where  improved  stock  has  been  bred,  these  are 
usually  the  better  producers  and  often,  as  well,  the  reacters.  It  is 
necessary  to  be  continually  buying,  and,  at  the  same  time,  avoid 
the  disease  if  possible.  The  returns  from  the  limited  product  may 
justify  the  methods  followed,  but  it  is  a  question  how  long  they 
will  do  so.  Don't  understand  me  as  opposing  the  test.  I  state  the 
facts  about  these  two  herds  as  I  understand  them.  The  contrast 
is  indeed  remarkable.  One  is  economically  strong  and  probably 
not  dangerous  to  public  health ;  the  other  is  evidently  economically 
weak,  but  free  from  disease.  Cannot  the  two  ideas  be  harmonized 
to  the  advantage  of  the  business? 

It  seems  like  a  needless  calamity  that  our  zeal  for  sound  cows 
should  lead  us  to  act  contrary  to  established  economic  facts  in 
selecting  them. 

Breeding   Sound    Dairy    Cows    Will   Pay. 

Fortunately,  some  breeders  of  dairy  stock  have  seen  the  trend  of 
conditions  and  requirements,  and  have  fortified  themselves  against 
future  demands.  The  future  demand  will  be  and  is  now  for  the 
sound  cow  and  the  profitable  cow.  .  These  two  properties  should 

8 


reside  in  the  same  individual.  Profitableness  without  soundness  is 
dangerous  and  regrettable,  but  soundness,  without  profits  is  an 
aching  void  that  cannot  long  maintain  itself.  Breeding  establish- 
ments for  the  rearing  of  sound  profit-producing  cows  should  be 
operated  in  connection  with  certified  dairies  or  independently  as 
feeders  for  the  same.  If  the  demand  for  this  class  of  milk  assumes 
the  proportions  that  its  advocates  claim  for  it,  the  fine-tooth-comb 
method  of  collecting  economic  outcasts  to  replenish  these  dairies 
will  soon  exhaust  the  supply.  It  should  not  be  necessary  for  the 
buyer  to  feel  that  he  must  avoid  improved  herds.  The  possibilities 
of  rearing  sound  stock  of  good  breeding  are  so  inviting  that  a  little 
encouragement  along  that  line  would  contribute  much  toward 
raising  the  standard  of  profits.  The  breeders  of  registered  stuff 
are  realizing  the  value  that  soundness  adds  to  their  cattle,  but  there 
is  also  an  opportunity  for  the  breeder  of  grades  to  meet  a  real  need 
by  producing  the  kind  of  cow  that  will  make  her  owner  profits 
from  milk  that  is  above  suspicion.  Such  is  the  cow  we  seek,  and 
with  her  advent  in  sufficient  numbers  will  come  the  solution  of  one 
of  the  main  difficulties  in  the  milk-production  problem. 

Discussion  of  paper,  "The  Milk-Production  Problem,"  Prof.  Her- 
bert A.  Hopper: 

Mr.  F.  V.  Nelson:  I  have  not  much  to  say  with  regard  to  this 
paper  read  by  Professor  Hopper.  He  referred  to  the  fact  of  there 
being  some  milk  producers  present,  and  I  think  they  will  agree 
that  no  one  could  have  presented  the  facts  of  the  case  better  than 
the  professor  has  done. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Timm,  Dixon :  I  can  hardly  believe  that  pure  breed 
cattle  are  mostly  diseased  as  Professor  Hopper  intimated,  because 
a  great  many  men  raising  pure-breed  cattle  are  keeping  them 
weeded  out  so  as  not  to  distribute  the  disease.  I  think  there  are 
many  herds  which  should  be  tested  and  are  not.  I  do  not  know 
whether  he  referred  to  my  herd  in  making  the  comparisons.  In 
my  herd  I  am  weeding  out  all  those  animals  that  are  not  profitable, 
and  I  will  finally  have  a  herd  that  I  think  will  be  an  average  one; 
I  have  mostly  Durhams,  but  am  adding  Holsteins  as  fast  as  I  can; 
I  have  a  few  Jerseys  that  I  got  in  bands  that  I  purchased.  As  Dr. 
Adelaide  Brown  has  stated,  they  do  not  want  rich  milk,  and  when- 
ever they  take  a  test  of  my  milk  or  any  other  milk  that  is  certified 
and  it  runs  over  5%  we  generally  hear  from  them,  so  we  have  to 
try  to  get  cows  that  test  from  3.5%  to  3.7%,  and  the  Holstein 
seems  to  run  the  nearest  to  that  average. 

Dr.  E.  C.  Fleischner,  San  Francisco :  In  regard  to  the  economic 
question,  if  the  production  of  the  milk  is  going  to  prove  a  loss  to 
the  men  who  endeavor  to  produce  it,  we  must  get  the  people  to 
pay  more  for  it.  We  give  the  milk  to  the  babies  and  patients 
because  we  think  that  we  get  better  results  from  its  use,  and  the 
people  who  believe  as  we  do  are  willing  to  pay  for  it.  It  seems 
discouraging  if  we  must  demand  this  milk  from  the  producer  with 
a  loss  to  him. 

Dr.  F.  H.  McNair,  Berkeley :  The  record  of  a  Jersey  herd  in 
New  York  State  two  or  three  years  ago  might  interest  you.  The 
owner  had  had  the  band  in  operation  for  about  eight  years,  num- 
bering 200  registered  Jerseys.  While  his  milk  product  was  paying 


well,  still  he  expected  to  sell  the  animals  and  make  most  of  his 
profits  by  such  sales.  Out  of  five  animals  sold  to  New  Zealand 
at  $500  each,  three  were  rejected  because  found  by  testing  to  be 
tuberculous.  He  immediately  went  to  work,  and  by  the  tubercu- 
lin test  began  the  weeding-out  process,  thinking  that  it  would  pay 
him  to  create  a  herd  free  from  tuberculosis.  When  I  was  work- 
ing on  the  herd  he  was  losing  four  or  five  of  his  best  cows  every 
year  with  tuberculosis  in  different  forms.  It  would  doubtless  have 
been  to  his  financial  interest  to  have  started  out  with  the  tuberculin 
test  in  making  his  original  purchases. 

Professor  Herbert  A.  Hopper :  In  answer  to  the  question  that 
Dr.  Fleischner  raised  with  reference  to  the  discouraging  features, 
I  wish  to  say  that  I  do  not  look  at  it  as  discouraging.  In  time  the 
customer  will  have  to  come  to  pay  the  price  that  the  milk  is  worth, 
but  just  at  the  present  time  I  hope  that  the  producers  will  not 
stand  in  the  way  of  progress  and  ask  for  a  higher  price.  These 
things  always  work  out  right,  and  we  will  not  have  a  good  milk 
supply  until  the  people  are  willing  to  pay  for  it. 


THE  USE  OF  THE  SCORE  CARD  IN  DAIRY  INSPECTION. 

(By  Chester  Roadhouse,  D.  V.  M.) 

A  question  which  is  important  to  organizations  in  milk  improve- 
ment work  is  how  can  the  conditions  under  which  milk  is  pro- 
duced be  best  reported,  and  which  method  is  the  most  thorough  in 
reporting  these  conditions? 

In  the  general  milk  improvement  work  by  municipal  boards  of 
health  which  has  developed  in  the  large  cities  throughout  the 
United  States,  it  has  been  found  that  by  the  use  of  the  score  card 
a  rating  can  be  given  each  dairy  and  that  with  the  score  card  the 
inspector  can  make  a  more  perfect  study  of  conditions  at  any 
dairy.  Until  the  appearance  of  the  score  card  little  effort  was 
made  to  classify  the  many  details  which  have  to  do  with  the 
purity  and  wholesomeness  of  milk.  The  many  items  requiring 
attention  are  now  listed ;  and,  still  better,  they  are  given  numerical 
values  in  the  score  card.  By  the  use  of  the  score  card  a  competent 
inspector  is  able  to  designate  the  character  of  defects  at  the  dairy, 
and  also  he  can  indicate  the  seriousness  of  such  defects.  The 
great  advantage  is  that  it  is  educational  and  that  it  shows  the 
conditions  in  terms  that  the  dairyman  with  little  study  can  under- 
sand. 

Dr.  Woodward,  Health  Officer  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  was 
the  first  to  introduce  the  score-card  system  of  reporting  on  dairies. 
A  little  later,  in  1906,  Prof.  R.  A.  Pearson  of  Cornell  University 
introduced  a  score  card  for  the  same  purpose.  The  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  then  took  up  the  work  with  the  hope  of 
extending  the  use  of  the  score  card  and  thereby  a  more  thorough 
inspection.  After  three  years'  work,  scoring  several  thousand 
dairies  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  the  department  adopted  a  score 
card,  somewhat  modified  from  the  ones  previously  introduced,  and 
which  is  now  in  use  in  over  one  hundred  cities  and  towns  in  this 
country. 

10 


The  cities  that  have  adopted  the  score-card  system  and  are 
regularly  following  it  are  reporting  dairy  conditions  constantly 
improving.  Dealers  often  pay  more  for  milk  from  high-scoring 
dairies,  which  encourages  better  work  on  the  part  of  the  producer. 
The  good  dairymen  naturally  want  a  high  score,  and  by  studying 
the  points  in  the  score  card  are  able  to  improve  their  conditions. 

The  history  of  the  production  of  "certified  milk"  shows  that 
it  was  early  determined  that  a  close  supervision  of  the  dairy  was 
necessary  to  insure  a  continued  high  standard.  The  herd  and  farm 
inspections  should  cover  the  state  of  health  of  the  cow,  herd 
hygiene,  the  sanitation  of  the  buildings  and  premises,  the  care  of 
utensils,  the  farm  and  dairy  methods  and  practices  and  inquiries 
regarding  the  health  of  the  dairymen,  milkers  and  their  families. 
The  use  of  the  score  card  is  applicable  for  this  purpose,  as  well  as 
for  the  average  dairy,  and  realizing  this  fact  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  American  Association  of  Medical  Milk  Commissions 
in  1909  recommended  the  adoption  of  an  official  score  card. 

In  brief,  the  following  recommendations  were  made  by  the 
Executive  Committee : 

First — That  no  producer  should  be  considered  for  the  production 
of  certified  milk  by  the  Medical  Milk  Commission  unless  his  dairy 
shows  a  score  of  90%  or  _  more. 

Second — A  system  of  scoring  should  be  adopted  under  which 
detached  statements  of  conditions  obtained  at  the  dairy  shall  be 
reported  to  one  Central  Committee,  for  the  entire  country,  which 
shall  reduce  these  reports  to  percentage  standings. 

Third — That  the  score  cards  for  the  dairy  be  prepared  by  a 
person  who  is  acceptable  to  the  local  Commission  and  the  dairy- 
man. 

Fourth — That  similar  reports  be  made  from  time  to  time  also 
by  a  Federal  or  State  official  not  interested  locally. 

If  these  recommendations  are  followed  by  all  Medical  Milk  Com- 
missions in  the  United  States  it  means  that  all  certified  dairies  will 
be  producing  milk  under  the  same  standard,  which  will  lead  to 
uniformity  in  the  production  of  certified  milk  and  a  fairness  to  all 
dairymen,  which  is  to  be  desired.  So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
learn,  the  official  score  card  has  not  been  prepared  for  the  Ameri- 
can Association,  although  the  report  of  the  Executive  Committee 
was  adopted. 

It  might  be  said  that  the  score  card  used  in  the  dairies  of  the 
East  would  not  be  applicable  for  the  dairies  in  California,  where 
the  conditions  are  so  widely  different.  But  this  is  not  necessarily 
so.  If  the  meaning  of  the  score  card  is  properly  interpreted  it  is 
possible  and  practical  to  adopt  a  uniform  system  of  scoring  for  all 
dairies. 

Personally  I  have  scored  150  dairies  which  supply  milk  to  San 
Francisco,  using  a  score  card  modeled  after  the  one  recommended 
by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  average  score 
for  these  dairies  was  below  60%.  Using  the  same  score  card  for  the 
two  certified  dairies  supplying  milk  to  San  Francisco,  I  found 
them  at  all  times  to  score  above  90%. 

11 


Sixteen  certified  dairies  supplying  various  cities  in  the  United 
States  were  visited  and  scored  by  a  representative  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture.  They  showed  a  score  varying 
from  79  to  99.5%. 

In  all  cases  the  cows  were  in  almost  perfect  condition.  Averag- 
ing the  scores  for  all  conditions,  one  dairy  was  found  to  score 
below  80%,  three  over  80%  and  less  than  90;  two  scored  99  and 
two  99.5%.  The  average  score  for  all  dairies  was  93.4%.  Com- 
paring these  conditions  with  the  average  of  some  2,000  dairies  pro- 
ducing ordinary  market  milk  for  city  consumption,  and  which  were 
also  scored  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  we  find 
a  striking  contrast,  the  average  score  for  the  latter  being  about  50%. 

In  conclusion,  I  would  say  as  a  suggestion  that  it  would  seem 
desirable  that  all  Medical  Milk  Commissions  in  this  State  adopt 
the  use  of  the  official  score  card  recommended  by  the  American 
Medical  Milk  Commissions  as  soon  as  it  is  prepared;  not  for  the 
purpose  of  reporting  all  inspections  at  the  dairy,  but  that  it  be- 
used  at  intervals  during  the  year  for  the  information  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  local  Commissions  and  of  other  Milk  Commissions. 

Discussion  of  paper,  "The  Use  of  the  Score  Card  in  Dairy  Inspec- 
tion," by  Chester  Roadhouse,  D.  V.  M. : 

Mr.  F.  W.  Andraesen  (Secretary  StaU  Dairy  Bureau),  I  would 
like  to  state  that  in  April,  1905,  the  State  Dairy  Bureau  of  Cali- 
fornia adopted  a  score  card,  and  believe  that  some  official  from 
the  Agricultural  Department  at  Washington  assisted  in  preparing 
it.  This  card  has  been  in  use  in  this  State  ever  since.  At  a  later 
date,  1908,  an  excellent  and  very  complete  score  card  was  adopted 
by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.  The  State  Dairy 
Bureau,  of  this  State,  did  not  at  that  time  think  it  advisable  to 
change  the  card  already  in  use  in  this  State.  First,  because  the 
one  in  use  seemed  well  adapted  to  the  conditions  on  this  Coast, 
and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  their  Circular  No.  139  say, 
"In  traveling  across  the  country  we  find  the  dairy  conditions 
somewhat  varied,  particularly  in  respect  to  climate.  For  example, 
in  the  New  England  and  Central  State  the  temperature  frequently 
drops  several  degrees  below  zero  during  the  winter  months.  This 
necessitates  tight  barns  and  an  automatic  system  of  ventilation, 
together  with  a  reasonable  amount  of  air  space,  if  the  animals  are 
to  be  kept  comfortable  and  healthy.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are 
sections  in  the  South  and  on  the  Pacijic  Coast  where  the  stables 
are  simply  open  sheds,  which  afford  all  the  protection  necessary. 
Here  sunlight,  ventilation,  and  air  space  are  unlimited,  ana  tnese 
points  hardly  need  to  be  included  in  a  score  card."  Cows  in  this 
State  are  not  kept  in  the  barn  more 'than  two  hours  at  a  time,  only 
just  long  enough  to  milk  and  feed  them.  The  State  Dairy  Bureau 
has  a  large  territory  to  cover,  and  but  little  money  to  work  with, 
and  therefore  cannot  go  so  completely  into  details  as  the  United 
States  Agricultural  Department  or  some  of  the  large  cities  in  the 
United  States.  A  dairy  inspector  employed  by  a  city  to  inspect 
the  conditions  under  which  the  milk  supply  for  that  city  is  pro- 
duced is  expected  to  visit  every  dairy  supplying  milk  once  a  month, 
and  if  he  has  once  measured  and  calculated  the  cubic  feet  of  air 
space,  the  sona.re  feet  of  glass  per  cow,  in  every  stable  in  his 

12 


district,  then  that  part  of  the  scoring  is  easy  on  subsequent  visits. 
But  where  the  State  Inspector  cannot  visit  each  dairy  more  than 
once  a  year,  and  some  of  them  only  once  in  two  years,  the  scoring 
of  light  and  ventilation  becomes  a  great  work.  Therefore,  though 
some  credit  is  given  for  good  ventilation  and  light,  in  the  old  score 
card  much  time  is  not  devoted  to  measuring  actual  number  of  feet 
of  space  per  cow.  The  score  card  is  of  great  advantage  to  the 
inspectors  in  that  it  assists  him  in  remembering  every  point  of 
importance  which  should  be  inspected  and  the  condition  of  which 
should  be  recorded.  It  also  assists  him  in  calling  the  dairyman's 
attention  to  conditions  where  he  could  easily  raise  his  score.  As, 
for  instance,  if  the  watering  troughs  are  dirty,  or  the  water  that 
the  cows  drink  is  contaminated,  he  could  point  out  to  the  dairy- 
man how  he  could  better  these  conditions,  and  thereby  raise  his 
score  five  or  six  points.  These  score  cards  are  filed  away,  and 
at  any  time  the  public  can  see  which  dairies  are  in  good  condition, 
and  the  inspectors  can  also  see  it,  and  make  it  a  point  to  visit  the 
unsanitary  ones  as  often  as  possible. 

Chester  Roadhouse,  D.  V.  M. :  Mr.  Andreasen  is  correct  in  his 
statement  about  the  score  card  in  one  way,  but  I  wish  to  say  that 
there  is  an  advantage  in  using  a  uniform  system  of  scoring  dairies 
throughout  the  United  States.  Mr.  Weld,  from  the  Dairy  Division 
of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  recommended 
this  when  he  visited  this  Coast  a  year  ago.  The  score  card  rec- 
ommended by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  can 
be  made  applicable  for  all  dairies  if  it  is  properly  interpreted.  To 
illustrate  this  point  we  may  refer  to  the  topic  "ventilation"  on  the 
score  card.  In  the  cold  sections  of  the  country  where  dairy  cows 
are  kept  in  stables  during  the  winter  months  we  would  require  the 
King  system  of  ventilation  for  a  perfect  score,  but  in  California 
the  King  system  of  ventilation  would  be  no  more  beneficial  to  the 
dairy  herd  than  any  other  system,  and  consequently  we  would  not 
require  it  in  California  for  a  perfect  score.  In  California  we  may 
give  a  perfect  score  on  bedding  for  the  cows  when  no  bedding  is 
provided  in  the  cow  stable,  but  where  the  cows  are  in  the  stable 
only  for  milking,  their  bed  is  usually  a  green  grass  plot  where  they 
rest  and  sleep  and  where  the  conditions  are  ideal  in  keeping  the 
animals  clean.  If  cows  are  kept  in  the  stable  at  night  and  are  not 
bedded,  we  score  off  for  lack  of  bedding.  Directions  for  scoring 
may  be  printed  on  the  back  of  the  card  to  aid  those  who  are  not 
familiar  with  the  requirements  for  the  dairy.  Following  such 
directions,  even  the  inexperienced  individual  would  be  able  to  score 
within  three  to  five  points  of  the  proper  score. 


13 


MILK    PRODUCERS    AND    PURE    MILK. 

By  Professor  F.  D.  Hawk. 

Given  Before  the  First  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Milk  Commission 

of  the  San  Francisco  County  Medical  Society, 

University   Farm,    Davis,    Cal., 

Monday,  April  18,  1910. 


The  producer  of  milk  is  a  business  man,  so,  naturally,  when  he  is 
approached  on  the  subject  of  pure  milk  he  begins  to  ask  questions 
that  are  of  vital  importance  to  himself  and  not  those  of  importance 
to  the  consumer  from  his  view  point. 

First — The  questions  to  be  met  are,  Can  I  make  more  money  by 
producing  and  marketing  milk  under  the  rules  of  certification  than 
I  can  by  going  ahead  with  an  ordinary  dairy,  or  will  the  market  for 
certified  milk  justify  me  to  make  the  necessary  expenditure  to  run 
such  a  plant? 

Second — Will  I  have  co-operation  in  my  venture  to  raise  the 
standard  of  milk?  In  other  words,  will  the  people  who  have  certifi- 
cation in  charge,  and  who  have  the  health  of  the  cities  uppermost 
in  their  hearts,  do  as  much  as  is  in  their  power  to  get  me  a  market 
for  my  milk  as  they  do  to  bind  me  to  my  contract  to  produce  this 
article  of  pure  milk  ? 

Third — What  are  the  results  of  the  tuberculin  test,  and  how  will 
it  affect  my  business? 

In  looking  into  these  questions  I  find  myself  puzzled  about  just 
what  to  say,  when  I  stop  to  consider  the  conditions  that  exist  in 
our  dairies  as  a  whole.  I  will  admit  that  there  are  all  too  many 
of  our  dairymen  who  are  producing  milk  under  the  most  foul  con- 
ditions that  can  exist,  and  the  article  produced  shows  the  unkempt 
method  in  which  it  was  handled  in  the  dairy. 

One  need  not  visit  these  dairies  in  order  to  get  a  mental  picture 
of  yards  covered  with  litter  and  filth ;  of  barns  cleaned  but  once  a 
week  and  cobwebs  hanging  from  every  timber,  probably  never 
brushed  down  from  one  year's  end  to  another;  even  the  cow  her- 
self in  a  poor  condition,  carrying  tags  all  over  her  hind  quarters. 

An  article  for  human  food  produced  under  such  conditions 
should  not  be  allowed  upon  the  market  under  any  consideration. 
Such  slovenliness  cannot  be  excused  or  even  tolerated  on  the 
ground  that  it  is  a  cheaper  way  of  production.  In  the  first  place, 
it  is  anything  but  cheap,  even  to  the  producer.  Cows  kept  in 
shacks  filled  with  manure  have  great  obstacles  to  overcome — such 
as  impure  air,  uncomfortable  quarters  and  lack  of  kindness,  all  of 
which  are  necessary  to  cows  before  they  can  do  their  best. 

Another  source  of  loss  comes  through  the  disgusted  visitor  who 
tells  his  friend  what  he  has  seen,  and  in  consequence  customers 
become  fewer  and  fewer. 

14 


Thanks  to  our  city  Boards  of  Health  for  inspecting  dairies  and 
preventing  such  people  from  sending  milk  to  their  city  market. 

There  is  another  producer  of  the  middle  class  from  whom  we 
seek  material  for  the  certified  dairy.  He  is  the  man  who  has  good 
buildings,  keeps  his  stables  moderately  clean,  has  fairly  good  cows 
and  handles  his  milk  in  the  ordinary  way.  This  is  the  man  from 
whom  these  vital  questions  come.  He  is  not  in  the  business  for 
his  health.  He  is  the. man  that  knows  dairying  is  not  the  easiest 
business  he  might  follow,  but  it  is  the  dollars  that  he  is  looking 
forward  to,  and  not  the  cities'  health. 

What  does  pure  milk  mean?  It  means  milk  that  is  produced 
from  healthy  cows  and  under  such  conditions  as  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  Medical  Milk  Commission  for  pure  milk.  You 
gentlemen  are  all  familiar  with  the  rules,  and  can  you  wonder  why 
there  are  so  few  who  contract  to  follow  these  rules  at  the  price 
now  paid  for  certified  milk? 

Is  it  more  plausible  to  ask  a  dairyman  to  clean  up  his  dairy 
than  it  is  to  ask  a  consumer  to  purchase  clean  milk  at  a  reasonable 
price  that  will  compensate  the  producer  for  his  trouble?  I  think 
not. 

If  certified  milk  can  be  put  on  the  market  with  greater  net 
returns,  then  a  part  of  our  problems  are  solved.  Figures  that  are 
reliable  on  this  point  will  do  more  than  any  one  thing  towards 
having  clean  milk,  provided  it  can  be  shown  that  it  pays  more  than 
the  dairy  that  is  run  under  the  ordinary  methods.  If  certified 
milk  plants  cannot  show  favorable  figures,  then  we  can  readily  see 
why  we  have  no  more  dairies  of  that  class.  Here  'in  California  the 
retail  price  is  five  cents  per  quart  more  for  pure  milk  than  for  ordi- 
nary milk.  This  difference  of  five  cents  is  not  enough  when  we 
consider  the  cost  of  extra  equipment,  labor,  icing  and  shipping, 
and  the  loss  of  animals  discarded  as  a  result  of  tuberculin  testing. 

Will  the  dairyman  have  co-operation  in  his  venture  to  raise  the 
standard  of  milk?  Yes;  but  how  much  I  cannot  say.  The  Milk 
Commission  will  help  to  clean  up  his  dairy  and  keep  him  fairly  close 
to  the  rules.  But  what  his  fellow  dairymen  will  do  I  rather  think 
will  be  anything  but  to  co-operate — they  will  give  him  a  hit  here 
and  a  hit  there.  This,  of  course,  is  not  the  right  spirit,  neverthe- 
less it  will  be  true.  Men  interested  in  clean  milk  will  write  long 
articles  on  the  subject,  telling  how  essential  it  is  that  we  should 
use  the  clean  article.  He  will  also  even  tell  how  to  keep  the  dairy 
clean.  These  articles  appear  mainly  in  agricultural  papers,  and 
therefore  one  of  the  main  issues  is  lost,  for  the  subject  does  not 
come  to  the  notice  of  those  it  is  meant  to  reach — the  consumer. 

The  stimulus  for  clean  milk  is  the  thing  that  is  necessary,  but  it 
must  get  to  the  vital  point — the  consumer.  Here  is  where  co- 
operation is  most  needed.  Create  a  demand,  and  that  demand,  ii 
great  enough,  will  be  satisfied. 

There  is  another  phase,  of  the  clean-milk  proposition,  and  that 
is  the  tuberculin  test  and  its  results.  We  know  that  it  not  only 
takes  very  valuable  animals  from  the  herd,  which  is  a  source  of 
great  loss  to  the  owner,  but  it  reduces  patronage,  the  amount  of 
which  one  seldom  knows  until' he  has  had  the  experience.  I  can 

15. 


relate  instances  where  dairymen  have  quit  testing  their  herds  for 
tuberculosis  because  they  lose  so  many  customers  when  cows  react 
and  are  taken  from  the  herd..  This  is  no  more  true  of  the  ignorant 
class  of  people  than  it  is  of  those  well  educated.  These  s?me  cus- 
tomers immediately  began  taking  milk  from  dairies  where  th~  cows 
are  never  tested  and  where  the  item  of  cleanliness  is  of  no  great 
importance.  The  matter  of  testing  the  herd  might  be  kept  from 
the  general  public  and  no  more  attention  paid  to  it  than  other 
operations  of  cleaning  up,  if  there  was  more  co-operation  among 
dairymen.  But  such  conditions  do  not  exist,  for  in  every  com- 
munity there  are  dairymen  waiting  to  get  an  article  in  the  news- 
paper to  inform  patrons  of  what  was  found  in  this  or  that  tested 
herd.  The  newspapers,  too,  grab  at  such  material  for  the  press, 
never  thinking  how  much  better  the  space  might  be  used  in  creat- 
ing a  demand  for  clean,  healthful  milk. 

The  raising  of  the  standard  of  ordinary  milk  is  solved,  to  a  great 
extent,  by  the  Medical  Milk  Commissions,  by  inspecting  dairies 
and  keeping  the  milk  from  the  market  if  not  produced  under  fair 
conditions.  .'This,  however,  will  not  reach  the  other  side  of  the 
pure-milk  question.  I  think  there  should  be  figures  showing  net 
returns  from  different  classes  of  dairies  so  producers  can  compare 
net  returns  and  act  accordingly.  If  five  cents  more  per  quart  is 
sufficient  to  pay  for  the  loss  of  animals  and  the  extra  cost  of  run- 
ning a  pure-milk  plant,  with  a  little  larger  net  returns,  no  doubt 
more  people  will  go  into  the  business. 

Another  point  worth  while,  instead  of  wasting  so  much  space  in 
the  agricultural  papers  telling  consumers  how  vital  to  health  is  the 
use  of  pure  milk,  is  to  get  it  on  the  front  pages  of  the  daily  news- 
papers and  m  magazines.  This  will  help  to  create  a  demand  that 
is  now  lacking,  and  this  lack  of  demand  is  manifest  in  the  cry  of 
too  high  a  price  for  milk.  The  way  these  articles  should  be  written 
I  am  not  prepared  to  say,  but  I  would  suggest  that  at  regular 
intervals  of  two  or  three  weeks  articles  on  the  value  of  pure  milk 
should  appear  prominently  in  the  daily  papers  and  magazines,  so 
that  the  attention  of  consumers  may  be  kept  on  their  physical  wel- 
fare. Even  after  a  demand  has  been  created  for  the  pure  article, 
the  dairyman  will  not  be  able  to  appreciate  the  benefits  of  it,  for, 
under  the  ordinary  run  of  affairs  existing  in  our  cities,  the  milk 
dealers  form  among  themselves  a  kind  of  corporation  and  dictate 
what  prices  they  will  pay  for  the  milk.  On  ordinary  milk  the  San 
Francisco  dealer  gets  half  of  the  gross  returns  and  more  than  half 
of  the  net  returns.  Instead  of  doing  so  much  to  encourage  dairy- 
men simply  by  taking  and  writing,  steps  should  be  taken  to  regu- 
late affairs  so  the  dairymen  can  secure  just  returns  for  his  whole 
milk.  Under  present  conditions  it  would  be  better  for  him  to  sell 
butter  fat  to  the  creameries  and  use  the  skim  milk  as  feed  for  hogs 
and  poultry. 

Since  such  conditions  do  exist,  what  is  to  be  done  in  regard  to 
the  dairyman  trying  to  .produce  pure  milk?  Considering  that  the 
price  is  sufficient  to  pay  them^  we  must  keep  the  dealer  on  satis- 
factory terms;  or  if  dealing  direct  with  the  consumer  he  must  be 
kept  on  the  purchasing  list.  To  do  this  I  would  suggest  that  the 
dairy  be  located  where  the  consumer  cannot  keep  in  touch  with 

16 


the  every-day  run  of  affairs  and  where  the  local  dairymen  are  not 
all  striving  for  the  same  market.  This  will  prevent  patrons  from 
being  cognizant  of  all  of  the  details  and  therefore  of  the  unavoid- 
able things  which  are  bound  to  come  up  now  and  then,  and  they 
will  only  know  that  the  Medical  Milk  Commission  is  keeping 
supervision  over  it  and  considers  the  milk  of  the  best  quality. 

I  have  spoken  of  co-operation  for  the  betterment  of  milk  condi- 
tions, and  I  want  to  bring  it  before  you  again,  for  co-operation  with 
education  will  be  one  of  the  greatest  elements  in  settling  the  prob- 
lem. Educate  the  producer  to  the  point  where  he  can  see  tho 
advantage  of  co-operation,  then — with  the  aid  of  the  Milk  -Com- 
mission— the  producer  can  get  returns  for  his  labor.  How  would 
I  have  them  co-operate?  By  joining  forces  and  doing  something 
on  the  order  of  the  fruit  growers;  put  in  a  milk  station  of  their 
own  and  hire  a  man  to  take  charge  of  the  milk  similar  to  the  middle- 
man of  the  present  time.  The  men  that  go  into  this  can  make 
rules  for  the  producers  to  follow  in  marketing.  Outsiders  could 
get  their  milk  through  the  milk  producers'  station  by  paying  a 
prescribed  rate. 

If  some  such  system  was  adopted  the  consumers  and  producers 
could  be  brought  in  closer  contact,  and  in  this  way  results  can  be 
obtained  that  cannot  be  brought  about  in  any  other  way. 

Discussion  of  paper,  "Milk  Producers  and  Pure  Milk,"  Prof.  F. 
D.  Hawk: 

Dr.  J.  L.  Milton,  Oakland :  I  think  certified  milk  has  come  to 
stay.  A  few  years  ago  when  we  first  started  to  have  certified 
milk  it  was  only  with  great  difficulty  that  we  could  get  our  patients 
to  order  it ;  now  our  patients  suggest  it  themselves  and  want  to 
know  where  they  can  get  it  for  the  baby.  At  the  start  we  had 
some  difficulty,  too,  with  the  certified  milk  itself;  for  a  while  in 
Oakland  the  milk  was  bad,  and  the  people  who  were  impressed 
with  the  idea  that  they  must  have  certified  milk  were  discouraged 
when  the  milk  was  delivered  in  a  dirty  manner.  Sometimes  it  con- 1 
tained  flies  and  bristles,  but  that  has  all  been  rectified  now.  As 
an  example  of  the  good  condition  of  certified  milk  that  we  now 
get,  one  doctor  in  Oakland  went  away  on  a  vacation  of  five  days 
and  during  his  absence  his  milk  was  delivered  regularly,  and  on 
his  return  he  found  the  milk  in  good  condition,  and  this  shows  the 
value  of  certified  milk.  People  are  realizing  that  certified  milk  is 
clean,  and  sometimes  they  say  there  must  be  some  preservative 
used,  as  it  never  gets  sour.  I  think  that  certified  milk  has  come  to 
stay,  and  it  is  really  surprising  how  many  people  have  come  to  use 
it;  people  on  small  salaries  are  using  it. 

Dr.  A.  A.  Stafford,  Alameda :  I  feel  certain  that  certified  milk 
has  come  to  stay.  The  question  of  price  is  not  one  that  the  con- 
sumer talks  very  much  about ;  patients  are  constantly  asking  where 
they  can  get  good  milk  for  the  baby.  The  question  of  price  is 
seldom  kicked  about,  and  there  are  many  people  who  do  not  know 
about  certified  milk,  and  I  am  sure  that  a  little  advertising  among 
the  people  will  help  create  a  demand  for  it.  As  the  professor  said 
in  his  paper,  if  a  half  column  was  bought  in  the  newspapers,  or 
even  a  little  square,  which  the  producers  of  certified  milk  could 

17 


use  for  advertising  purposes,  it  would  doubtless  increase  the  de- 
mand very  rapidly — a  little  advertising  helps  a  great  deal,  especially 
around  the  city. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Timm,  Dixon :  I  would  like  to  ask  the  doctors  and 
members  of  the  Milk  Commission  whether  or  not  it  would  be 
advisable  to  raise  the  price  of  certified  milk.  The  question  was 
raised  once  before,  but  some  of  the  dairies  thought  it  would  not 
be  the  proper  thing  to  do. 

Dr.  Adelaide  Brown,  San  Francisco :  I  think  this  is  an  economic 
question  absolutely.  If  certified  milk  is  a  good  thing  I  dislike 
having  anybody  deprived  of  having  it  on  account  of  the  price. 
Perhaps  it  is  worth  the  test  of  raising  the  price.  I  think  that  a 
perfectly  flat  declaration  of  what  the  cost  of  production  is  is  what 
we  want  to  get.  At  Lake  Forest,  111.,  Mr.  Meeker  knows  what 
every  bit  of  the  work  of  production  costs;  he  can  tell  what  the 
milk  has  cost  delivered  at  the  station,  knowing  the  cost  at  every 
point  in  connection  with  its  production.  At  Lake  Forest  Station  they 
get  9l/2  cents,  the  rest  going  to  distribution,  etc.,  12  cents  per  quart 
being  the  retail  price  in  1908.  There  they  have  everything  figured 
out  absolutely,  and  I  think  the  only  way  to  decide  any  such  ques- 
tion is  through  accurate  figuring.  I  think  the  producers  should 
get  the  best  return  they  can  for  their  money.  After  two  years  of 
careful  work,  for  the  City  of  San  Francisco  by  the  dairies,  if  the 
increase  in  price  is  a  legitimate  one,  the  Milk  Commission  would 
not  gainsay  that  raise.  No  matter  what  the  people  are  paying  for 
certified  milk,  they  are  not  paying  as  much  as  they  do  for  Malted 
Milk,  Mellin's  Food  or  Nestle's  Food,  which  are  very  expensive. 
Artificial  feeding  is  not  cheap,  and  the  use  'of  certified  milk  has  won 
the  mothers'  support  as  well  as  that  of  the  Medical  Societies  wher- 
ever it  is  produced. 

Mr.  F.  V.  Nelson,  San  Francisco:  As  regards  the  change  in  the 
price  of  certified  milk,  I  would  suggest  that  the  question  be  con- 
sidered very  carefully.  The  demand  for  milk  for  infant  feeding 
alone  is  not  sufficient  to  keep  up  the  certification  of  a  dairy ;  in 
other  words,  the  distributor  or  producer  has  to  rely  on  the  patron- 
age of  families  generally.  One  principal  difficulty,  I  think,  is  that 
in  infant  feeding  the  mother  as  a  general  thing  will  want  the  milk 
for  a  few  months  only,  and  just  as  soon  as  the  child  is  old  enough 
the  mothers  conclude  they  have  no  further  use  for  the  certified 
milk.  Hence  the  demand  is  a  fluctuating  one.  I  think  that  all 
producers  have  to  consider  a  larger  demand  coming  from  family 
trade.  Were  the  price  raised  the  demand  would  not  increase ;  more 
likely  it  would  decline.  My  recollection  is  that  statistics  in  the 
East  show  that  there  has  been  but  a  very  small  gain  annually  in 
the  amount  of  business  done,  Chicago  and  New  York  showing  not 
over  10%  increase  in  the  use  of  certified  milk.  The  increase  is  to 
be  reached  only  by  means  of  education  along  reasonable  lines. 

Mr.  E.  C.  Burroughs,  San  Jose :  I  agree  with  Mr.  Nelson  that 
the  question  of  raising  the  price  of  certified  milk  is  a  serious  one. 
If  it  were  raised  25%  it  would  put  it  up  to  a  pretty  high  figure, 
and  I  think  it  is  an  important  question  whether  or  not  it  would  be 

18 


advisable  to  raise  it.  Two  years  ago  last  February  the  price  of 
certified  milk  was  raised  from  12  cents  to  15  cents  per  quart,  and  I 
fear  another  raise  would  curtail  the  demand. 

Dr.  E.  C.  Fleischner,  San  Francisco :  Some  time  ago  the  Asso- 
ciated Charities  of  San  Francisco  undertook  to  board  out  the  babies 
in  their  care  with  the  result  that  the  mortality  was  decidedly 
reduced.  Of  course  these  children  were  fed  in  all  sorts  of  ways. 
When  one  went  among  these  individuals  it  was  one's  experience  to 
find  the  types  of  food  which  these  babies  were  being  fed  were 
primarily  condensed  milk,  one  of  the  patent  foods  or  ordinary  milk 
in  some  form  or  other.  Through  the  efforts  of  the  Association  of 
Collegiate  Alumnae  certified  milk  was  furnished  these  children 
and  the  mortality  was  reduced  from  12%  to  2%.  I  really  feel  that 
it  is  a  sufficiently  definite  result  to  call  to  the  attention  of  everyone 
here,  a  sufficient  result  to  make  everybody  note  the  results  that  can 
be  obtained  and  ought  to  be  obtained  with  certified  milk  in  this 
community.  This  phase  of  the  pure  milk  problem  should  surely 
not  be  overlooked  in  discussing  the  question. 

Dr.  H.  E.  Wright,  Sacramento :  If  certified  milk  is  such  a  good 
thing  and  has  come  to  stay,  as  we  believe  it  has,  why  not  enact 
legislation  to  make  all  milk  producers  meet  certification?  Make 
the  conditions  so  that  only  certified  milk  could  be  bought,  and 
eventually  all  producers  would  have  to  charge  the  increased  price 
to  cover  the  cost  of  certification.  If  no  one  were  allowed  to  furnish 
anything  but  certified  milk  it  would  be  a  perfectly  even  case  of 
competition.  It  seems  to  me  that  this  is  a  matter  for  legislation. 
The  best  for  all  is  none  to  good.  Why  not  pure  food  for  all,  in 
milk  as  in  other  foods? 

Professor  F.  D.  Hawk:  I  believe  that  certified  milk  has  come  to 
stay,  but  that  the  price  has  not  come  to  stay.  In  the  cities  we  can 
find  the  common  milk  to-day  on  the  market  for  about  four  cents 
a  quart  and  it  is  retailed  at  ten  cents,  the  difference  being  for  the 
middleman  to  carry  on  his  operations,  while  the  producer  gets  four 
cents.  As  far  as  going  ahead  to  get  pure  milk  through  legislation, 
I  think  we  better  walk  before  we  try  to  run.  If  we  can  get  the 
producers  together  to  work  in  unison  with  the  city  officials  we  can 
regulate  some  of  the  other  things  and  get  the  price  for  pure  milk 
for  the  producer. 


19 


THE     RESULTS     OF     SOME     BOVINE     TUBERCULOSIS 

INVESTIGATIONS   AT   THE   UNIVERSITY   FARM, 

DAVIS,    CALIFORNIA. 

By  C.  M.  Haring,  D.  V.  M. 

Presented  at  the  Second  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Medical  Milk  Com- 
missions of  California,  April  18,  1910. 

The  results  of  certain  investigations  concerning  bovine  tubercu- 
losis that  have  been  carried  on  at  the  University  of  California  Farm 
for  the  past  three  years  cover  several  subjects  which  it  is  impossible 
to  embody  in  a  brief  heading.  They'may  be  stated  as  follows : 

(1)  A  test  of  von  Behring's  Bovovaccine. 

(2)  Observations  on  the  Spread  of  Bovine  Tuberculosis  Undei 
Outdoor  Conditions. 

(3)  Retesting  Recently  Tuberculinized  Cattle. 

(4)  A  Search  for  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the  Circulating  Blood  of  Re- 
acting Cattle. 

(5)  Result  of  the  Introduction  of  Cultures  of  Virulent  Tubercle 
Bacilli  into  the  Circulation. 

A  preliminary  report  of  this  work  has  been  given  in  a  paper  by 
Haring,  Sawyer  and  Morgan1  and  in  a  monograph  by  Sawyer.2 
The  present  paper  is  intended  to  embody  the  results  of  the  investi- 
gations previous  to  May  1,  1910. 

A    Test   of   von    Behring's    Bovovaccine. 

In  the  spring  of  1907  forty-five  calves  were  secured  for  experi- 
mental purposes.  Twenty-two  of  these  were  treated  with  bovovac- 
cine  after  the  manner  of  von  Behring  and  twenty-three  were  kept 
as  controls.  Twenty-seven  of  the  calves  came  from  a  dairy  of 
thirty  cows  which  were  proven  to  be  non-reacting  by  two  tuber- 
culin tests.  Eighteen  came  from  a  dairy  of  eighty-four  cows,  six- 
teen of  which  reacted  to  tuberculin.  Of  the  twenty-seven  calves 
from  the  non-reacting  dairy  herd  thirteen  were  treated  with  bovo- 
vaccine,  and  of  the  eighteen  from  the  eighty-four  cow  dairy,  nine 
were  so  treated. 

Great  care  was  taken  to  follow  the  method  and  technic  prescribed 
by  von  Behring.  The  instrument  case  recommended  by  the  Mar- 
burg Institute  was  secured  and  the  technic  of  inoculation  carefully 
followed.  I  will  not  take  the  time  to  describe  the  procedure  in  de- 
tail, as  most  of  you  are  familiar  with  this  and  the  requirements  of 
von  Berding  as  to  age,  environment,  and  manner  of  raising  the 
calves.  An  assistant  in  the  employ  of  the  University  was  sent  to 
the  dairies  to  superintend  the  feeding  and  care  of  the  calves.  In 
Professor  von  Behring's  circular  of  directions  No.  5,  as  published  by 


iHaring,  C.  M.;  Sawyer,  W.  A.,  and  Morgan,  D.  N.,  Bovine  Tuberculosis 
Investigations.  Proceedings  of  the  American  Veterinary  Medical  Associa- 
tion, Chicago,  September,  1909,  pp.  252-2CO. 

2Sawyer,  W.  A.,  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the  Blood.  Archives  of  Internal 
Medicine,  December,  1909,  Vol.  iv.,  pp.  628-638. 

20 


Bischoff  &  Co.,  it  is  stated :  "As  a  rule  only  apparently  healthy 
animals  at  the  age  of  from  two  weeks  to  three  months  (for  the 
first  inoculation)  are  chosen.  In  such  calves  a  previous  tuberculin 
test  is  not  necessary,  even  if  the  animals  were  taken  from  a  notori- 
ously tubercular  herd."  However,  Bischoff  &  Co.  wrote  that  the 
tuberculin  test  should  be  made,  and  accordingly  it  was,  except  in  a 
few  cases  which  a  year  afterwards  proved  to  be  non-reacting.  We 
found  the  normal  temperatures  very  variable,  as  would  naturally 
be  expected  in  such  young  animals.  We  believe  that  the  tuberculin 
testing  of  calves  less  than  sixteen  weeks  old  is  unreliable  as  an 
indication  of  tubercular  infection.  Nevertheless  none  of  the  calves 
which  showed  an  abnormally  high  temperature  after  injection  were 
vaccinated. 

Another  requirement  imposed  by  Bischoff  &  Co.  was  that  the 
calves  be  kept  from  possibility  of  tubercular  infection  until  four 
months  after  the  second  vaccination.  This  in  a  measure  was  possi- 
ble with  the  calves  secured  from  the  non-reacting  herd,  and  the 
danger  to  the  calves  in  the  other  herd  was  obviated  as  much  as 
possible  by  weaning  them  at  as  early  an  age  as  seemed  expedient. 
As  soon  as  possible  the  calves  were  all  removed  to  the  University 
Farm,  where  at  that  time  there  were  no  tubercular  cattle. 

In  the  winter  of  1908  the  calves  were  all  tested  with  tuberculin 
and  none  reacted.  They  were  then  subjected  to  infection  by  placing 
in  their  pasture  five  reacting  cattle  that  were  apparently  in  an 
advanced  stage  of  tuberculosis.  They  were  associated  with  the 
calves  in  a  twenty-acre  pasture  and  in  a  corral.  Within  six  months 
these  five  cattle  had  all  died  of  tuberculosis  as  proven  by  autopsy 
in  each  case.  During  the  winter  of  1909  no  tubercular  animals  were 
with  the  young  cattle.  They  were  fed  under  a  shed  during  rainy 
weather.  Other  than  this  they  lived  out-of-doors.  In  March,  1909, 
ten  reacting  dairy  cows  were  placed  in  the  corral  and  pasture  with 
the  young  cattle.  The  proofs  that  several  of  these  cows  were  af- 
fected with  open  tuberculosis  are  given  later  in  this  paper. 

In  July,  1909,  all  the  young  cattle  were  tested  and  the  reacting 
ones  sent  to  an  abattoir  having  federal  meat  inspection.  Special 
arrangements  were  made  with  the  abattoir  company  and  with  the 
federal  veterinary  inspectors  for  their  post-mortem  examination. 
The  animals  were  killed  after  all  other  killing  was  over,  and  a  more 
searching  inspection  than  usual  made. 

Since  last  July  two  tuberculin  tests  have  been  made  on  the  re- 
maining cattle,  and  to  date  (April  30,  1910)  twenty-four  of  the 
experimental  animals  have  been  slaughtered  and  found  tubercular. 

OF  THE  TWENTY-TWO  VACCINATED  CATTLE  TEN 
WERE  TUBERCULAR;  SIX  OF  THESE  CAME  ORIG- 
INALLY FROM  THE  NON-REACTING  DIARY  HERD,  AND 
FOUR  FROM  THE  REACTING  DAIRY  HERD.  OF  THE 
TWENTY-THREE  NON-VACCINATED  CATTLE  FOUR- 
TEEN WERE  TUBERCULAR,  SEVEN  CAME  FROM  THE 
REACTING  DAIRY  HERD  AND  SEVEN  CAME  FROM  THE 
NON-REACTING  DAIRY  HERD. 

21 


Table  I. 

Showing  the  age  at  vaccination  and  source  of  each  tubercular 
animal  and  the  extent  of  its  lesions. 


No.  of 
the 
animal 

Original   Source 
of  the 
Calf. 

Age  at 
1st  vac- 
cination. 

Date  of 

Slaugh'r. 
1909. 

Location  of  Tubercular 
Lesions  Found  on 
Autopsy. 

II 

From  a  tubercular  herd 

10  wks. 

Aug.  25 

Liver  and  portal  lymph  glands 

Lungs  and  mediastinal  glands 

12 

Non-tubercular  herd 

14  wks. 

Aug.  25 

Right  precrural  lymph  glands 

26 

Tubercular  herd 

12  wks. 

Aug.  25 

Mesenteric  lymph  glands 

29 

Non-tubercular  herd 

20  wks. 

Aug.  25 

Mesenteric  lymph  glands 

1910. 

48 

Tubercular  herd 

12  wks. 

Jan.  29 

Posterior  mediastinal  gland 

15 

Tubercular  herd 

16  wks. 

Jan.  29 

Lungs  and  mediastinal  glands 

33 

Non-tubercular  herd 

6  wks. 

Jan.  29 

Lungs,    bronchial    and   mesen- 

teric  glands 

32 

Non-tubercular  herd 

4  wks. 

Jan.  29 

Posterior  mediastinal  gland* 

21 

Non-tubercular  herd 

16  wks. 

Apr.  25 

Rethopharyngeal   lymph   gland 

22 

Non-tubercular  herd 

5  wks. 

Apr.  25 

Lungs,   pharyngeal   and   medi- 

astinal glands 

17 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Lungs,   pleura,    mediastinal 

glands 

23 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Cervical  and  thoracic  lymph 

glands 

Cervical  and  mediastinal 

27 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

lymph  glands 

Hepatic  and  mesenteric  lymph 

glands 

36 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Bronchial,   mediastinal   and 

portal  glands 

38 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Mediastinal   lymph   glands  ^ 

43 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Lungs,  bronchial,  and  medi- 

astinal  and   portal   glands 

44 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Generalized  tuberculosis 

5i 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Aug.  25 

Bronchial,   mediastinal   and 

1910. 

portal  glands 

39 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Jan.  29 

Lungs  and  bronchial,  medias- 

tinal and  mesenteric  glands 

47 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Jan.  29 

Posterior  mediastinal  gland 

28 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Jan.  29 

Mesenteric  gland 

40 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Jan.  29 

Bronchial  gland 

3i 

Non-tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Jan.  29 

Bronchial  gland 

35* 

Tubercular  herd 

not  vac'd 

Apr.  18 

Lungs,  liver  and  associated 

lymph  glands 

*This  animal  was  the  one  killed  as  a  demonstration  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Medical  Milk  Commissioners  of  California  at  the  University  Farm. 

It  has  been  necessary,  for  economic  reasons,  to  dispose  of  some 
of  the  fattest  non-reacting  vaccinated  cattle.  In  these  no  tubercular 
lesions  were  found  by  the  federal  inspectors. 

It  would  seem  from  these  preliminary  findings  that  von  Behring's 
Bovovaccine  fails  to  confer  on  calves  a  degree  of  immunity  suffi- 
cient to  absolutely  protect  them  against  infection  until  two  and  one- 
half  years  of  age  when  associated  with  tubercular  cattle  on  pasture 
and  in  corrals.  However,  this  does  not  contradict  evidence  that 
bovovaccinated  calves  have  for  a  time  an  increased  power  of  resist- 
ance to  tuberculosis. 


22 


Observations  on  the  Spread  of  Tuberculosis  Under  Outdoor 

Conditions. 

In  at  least  one  respect  the  problem  of  dairy  sanitation  is  not  as 
great  in  California  as  in  many  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  The 
problem  of  proper  ventilation  of  stables  is  not  a  great  one.  The 
climatic  conditions  are  such  that  tight  barns  are  unnecessary.  Most 
dairies  do  have  barns,  but  the  doors  and  windows  are  left  open  the 
year  round.  Many  have  no  cow  stables.  In  such  cases  a  shed 
without  side  walls  is  usually  available  to  milk  under  during  rainy 
weather.  In  one  of  the  certified  dairies,  that  at  El  Monte,  supplying 
milk  to  Pasadena  and  Los  Angeles,  the  milking  barn  has  no  side 
walls ;  the  cows  are  seldom  under  a  roof  more  than  four  hours  a  day, 
two  hours  at  each  milking.  Naturally,  under  such  conditions  it 
would  be  ridiculous  to  put  stress  on  the  King  System  or  other 
devices  for  ventilation.  In  dairy  cows  kept  under  these  conditions, 
tuberculosis  is  common.  We  believe  that  it  will  spread  even  under 
strictly  outdoor  conditions.  Even  in  range  cattle  the  disease  seems 
to  be  increasing.3  We  have  already  mentioned  the  fact  that  in  ex- 
posing the  bovovaccinated  calves  and  the  controls  to  infection  the 
association  and  resulting  infection  took  place  entirely  in  the  out-of-( 
doors.  The  size  of  the  pasture  was  about  twenty  acres,  the  corral* 
was  about  one-half  an  acre  in  size.  In  the  corral  was  a  watering 
trough,  but  the  animals  also  had  access  to  a  stream  and  an  irrigating 
ditch  in  the  pasture.  The  first  five  tubercular  cattle  that  were 
secured  for  infecting  the  experimental  calves  were  stock  kept  under 
semi-range  conditions.  In  central  California  are  vast  swampi 
called  tule  lands.  Much  of  the  year  these  furnish  excellent  green 
feed  for  cattle.  The  five  cattle  were  selected  from  a  band  of  about 
150  cattle  that  had  been  raised  in  these  tules. 

The  probabilities  are  that  they  had  never  been  under  a  roof.  In 
riding  through  the  swamp,  six  animals  were  selected,  which  were 
emaciated  or  coughing.  On  tuberculin  test  five  of  these  reacted 
and  in  May,  1908,  they  were  taken  to  the  University  Farm.  In  six 
months  all  had  died  of  advanced  tuberculosis,  as  proven  by  autopsy 
in  each  case.  The  last  of  the  animals  died  October  9,  1908,  making 
the  time  they  were  confined  with  the  experimental  calves  less  than 
six  months. 

In  March,  1909,  nine  reacting  dairy  cows  were  secured.  Two  of 
these  were  in  full  lactation,  but  were  rapidly  dried  up.  The  others 
were  dry.  Some  of  them  had  been  tuberculin  tested  in  February, 
1909,  and  some  in  March,  and  had  been  removed  from  a  certified 
herd  because  of  reactions.  Most  of  them  were  in  poor  condition, 
but  under  their  changed  conditions  all  but  one  improved  in  appear- 
ance. In  April  one  died.  The  autopsy  on  this  animal  was  imper-, 
fectly  performed,  but  the  lungs  were  noted  to  be  calcareous.  On 
June  3,  1909,  the  nine  remaining  cows  were  tested  with  3  cc.  of 
University  of  California  tuberculin,  and  none  of  them  reacted.  On 


3  Ward  and  Haring,  Bulletin  199,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley, 
California,  August,   1908. 

23 


July  4th  they  were  tested  with  4  cc.  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
tuberculin.  Four  of  them  showed  a  rise  in  temperature,  but  the 
curve  was  not  typical  of  a  tuberculin  reaction.  We  have  proven 
that  all  but  one  of  them  were  tubercular,  in  the  following  manner : 

Seven  were  autopsied,  and  in  six  of  these  extensive  lesions  were 
found  in  the  lungs  and  associated  lympathic  glands ;  in  the  other  the 
retropharyngeal  glands  only  were  involved.  One  was  proven 
tubercular  by  infecting  a  guinea  pig  from  pus  from  a  tubercular 
abscess  in  the  prepectoral  region.  This  cow  was  eventually  autopsied 
after  having  been  inoculated  in  the  carotid  artery,  as  is  describee 
later  in  this  paper.  The  eighth  cow  was  proven  tubercular  by  in- 
fecting a  guinea  pig  with  her  feces.  One  of  the  interesting  things 
to  be  noted  is  that  the  tuberculin  test  failed  to  give  a  reaction, 
although  the  animals  were  actively  tubercular.  We  have  observed 
this  failure  to  react  in  an  instance  where  about  twenty  reacting 
dairy  cows  were  removed  from  a  dairy  ^  dried  up  and  turned  into  a 
mountain  pasture.  When  re-tested  several  months  later  most  of 
them  failed  to  react.  These  observations  support  us  in  the  stand 
that  in  removing  cows  from  dairy  herds  because  they  react  to  the 
tuberculin,  no  re-tests  should  be  permitted.  We  believe  the  rule 
should  be :  Once  reacted,  always  condemned.  Outdoor  life  and 
freedom  from  the  drain  of  milking  may  possibly  cure  some,  cows, 
but  the  cases  just  described  show  that,  although  they  may  improve 
in  condition  and  cease  to  react  to  tuberculin,  they  may  still  be  dis- 
seminating virulent  bacilli,  and  that  young,  susceptible  animals 
quickly  contract  the  disease,  even  under  an  environment  which  acts 
with  benefit  on  old  and  chronically  tubercular  dairy  cows. 

Re-testing   Recently   Tuberculinized    Cattle. 

Tests  of  Vallee's  method  by  re-testing  recently  tuberculinized  cat- 
tle have  been  made  on  thirty-seven  reacting  cows.  By  this  method  it 
is  claimed  that  animals  can  be  successfully  re-tested  in  forty-eight 
hours  after  a  previous  injection.  The  procedure  is  to  inject  a  double 
or  triple  dose  and  take  the  temperatures  every  two  hours  from  the 
second  to  the  eighteenth.  The  reaction  is  said  to  usually  occur  much 
sooner  than  in  the  original  test.  The  results  of  our  work  as  given  in 
the  following  table  are  based  on  the  injection  of  4  cc.  of  tuberculin  at 
the  retest,  the  temperature  being  taken  every  two  hours  from  the 
second  to  the  eighteenth  hour  after  injection. 


Hour  at  which  the 

Hour  at  which  the 

Number  o£ 

Reinjected 

Number  reacted 

temperature    rise 

temperature     rise 

animals. 

in. 

on  retest. 

occurred    on    the 

occurred    on    the 

retest. 

initial  test. 

3 

48  hours 

I 

9 

13 

14 

58  hours 
3  days 

7 

i 

10 

ii 

12 

9 

6 

5  days 

i 

i? 

12 

4 

45  days 

4 

14 

12 

4 

2  months 

4 

13 

14 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  corroboration  of  Vallee's  observations 
that,  in  the  retests  made  within  five  days,  the  animals  reacting  to  the 
second  injection  usually  had  a  rise  of  temperature  sooner  than  at  the 
first  test,  but  the  only  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  this  limited  num- 

24 


ber  of  cases  is  that  the  retesting  of  cattle  within  six  weeks  is  not 
satisfactory,  even  when  a  double  dose  is  used,  and  the  temperature 
taken  every  two  hours  from  the  time  of  injection  until  the  eighteenth 
hour.  The  cases  already  reported  of  the  retesting  of  non-lactating 
dairy  cows,  indicates  that  sometimes  tubercular  cattle  will  not  react 
to  tuberculin  on  retest  even  after  a  period  of  three  months. 

A  Search  for  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the  Circulating  Blood  of  Reacting 

Cattle. 

Considerable  interest  has  been  aroused  by  recent  articles  claiming 
that  tuberculosis,  in  all  its  forms,  is  a  bacteriemia.  Rosenberger4-5 
claims  to  have  found  tubercle  bacilli  in  the  circulating  blood  of  300 
people,  some  of  which  were  affected  with  incipient  tuberculosis. 
Petty  and  Mendenhall6  and  Forsythe7  claim  to  have  obtained  posi- 
tive results  with  Rosenberger's  technic.  The  technic  employed  by 
Dr.  Rosenberger  is  to  draw  5  cc.  of  venous  blood,  mix  it  with  an 
equal  amount  of  2%  sodium  citrate  in  physiological  salt  solution,  in 
an  ordinary  test  tube.  This  blood  mixture  is  placed  in  a  refrigerator 
for  twenty-four  hours,  by  which  time  a  reddish  sediment  will  have 
formed  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube.  A  portion  of  this  is  smeared  on  a 
slide,  fixed  and  stained  in  the  usual  way.  For  decolorizing  be  used 
Papenheim's  solution  (1%  rosolic  acid  in  absolute  alcohol). 

The  important  bearing  of  Rosenberger's  claims  on  the  bovine 
tuberculosis  problem  is  evident.  From  the  standpoint  of  the  meat 
inspector  alone,  it  is  of  vital  importance,  and  the  necessity  of  verify- 
ing or  refuting  Rosenberger's  work  in  so  far  as  it  applies  to  cattle  is 
great.  Schroeder,  Cotton,  and  Mohler8'9  have  already  published 
work  done  on  fifty  tubercular  cattle.  They  failed  utterly  to  find 
tubercle  bacilli  in  the  blood  of  these  cattle.  Failures  to  find  the 
bacilli  in  the  circulating  blood  of  tubercular  humans  have  been  re- 
ported by  Ravenel10  and  Smith,  Burnham11  and  Lyons,  and 
Dailey.12  Attention  has  been  called  by  Brem13  and  others  to  the 
liability  of  distilled  water  to  contamination  with  acid-fast  bacilli. 


4  Rosenberger,  Randall  C.  The  Presence  of  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the  Circulating 
Blood  in  Tuberculosis.  American  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  vol.  137,  No.  2, 
pp.  267-269.  Philadelphia,  Feb.,  1909. 

fi  Rosenberger,  Randall  C.  Presence  of  the  Tubercle  Bacillus  in  the  Blood. 
New  York  Medical  Journal,  1909,  Ixxxix,  1250. 

B  Petty,  O.  H.,  and  Mendenhall,  A.  M.  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the  Blood.  Journal 
American  Medical  Association,  1909,  liii,  867. 

7  Forsythe,   C.   E.   P.     Occurrence  of  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the   Blood.     British 
Medical  Journal,  April  24,  1909. 

8  Schroeder,  E.  C.,  and  Cotton,  W.  E.     Tests  Concerning  Tubercle  Bacilli  in 
the  Circulating  Blood.     U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture;    B.  A.  I.  Bulletin  116. 

9  Schroeder,  E.  C.,  and  Cotton,  W.  E.     Tests  Concerning  Tubercle  Bacilli  in 
the  Circulating  Blood.     The  Archives  Int.  Med.,  1909,  iv,  133. 

10  Ravenel,   M.   P.,  and   Smith,   K.   W.     Detection  of  Tubercle   Bacilli  in  the 
Blood.     Proc.  State  Med.  Soc.  of  Wisconsin,  abst.  in  Journal  American  Medical 
Association,  1909,  liii,  649. 

11  Burnham,  M.  P.  Tuberculosis — A.  Bacteriemia.     Journal  American  Medical 
Association,  1909,  liii,  731. 

12  Dailey,  M.  A.     The  Presence  of  Tubercle  Bacilli  in  the  Blood  in  Tubercu- 
losis.   Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1909,  clxi,  318. 

13  Brem,  W.  V.     Investigation  of  Blood  for  Tubercle  Bacilli;    Contamination 
of  Distilled  Water  with  Acid-fast  Organisms  a  Source  of  Error.    Journal  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  1909,  liii,  909. 

25 


Since  the  results  of  our  work  are  also  negative,  and  the  length  of 
this  paper  limited,  I  will  give  merely  a  summary  of  the  work  done. 

In  167  preparations  made  from  the  blood  of  49  bleedings  from  21 
tuberculous  cattle  no  tubercle  bacilli  were  found  in  110.9  hours' 
search ;  133  of  the  specimens,  made  from  gravity  sediments  of  blood- 
citrate  mixture,  were  searched  88.9  hours ;  the  remaining  34  slides, 
made  from  laked  and  centrifugalized  blood,  were  searched  22  hours. 

In  one  instance  tubercle  bacilli  were  recovered  by  both  methods  of 
examination  from  blood  drawn  twenty-five  minutes  after  inoculation 
of  the  arterial  blood-stream. 

Guinea-pig  inoculations  with  the  blood  sediments  of  twenty  tuber- 
culous cattle  failed  to  produce  tuberculosis. 

Not  less  than  thirty  minutes  was  devoted  to  the  diligent  micro- 
scopical search  of  each  slide.  The  findings  were  negative.  In  most 
instances  the  work  was  controlled  by  having  two  or  more  individuals 
examine  each  slide.  Large  numbers  of  acid-fast  bacilli  were  found 
in  one  of  the  specimens  prepared  by  dissolving  the  blood  clot  with 
pepsin.  We  believe  this  to  be  a  contamination.  Dr.  Rosenberger 
kindly  sent  us  a  slide  of  blood  presumably  from  a  case  of  human 
tuberculosis.  In  this  we  found  numerous  acid-fast  bacilli,  indis- 
tinguishable from  tubercle  bacilli.  He  wrote  us  that  we  would 
find  the  organisms  in  our  preparations  if  we  would  only  search  long 
enough;  so  some  of  our  most  promising  specimens  were  diligently 
searched  for  several  hours  by  three  persons  accustomed  to  the  use 
of  the  microscope,  without  finding  a  single  organism  resembling  a 
tubercle  bacillus.  Thirty-seven  guinea  pigs  were  inoculated  with 
blood  sediments.  They  were  autopsied  after  two  months,  and  failed 
to  show  lesions.  Control  pigs,  inoculated  with  blood  sediments  to 
which  small  quantities  of  tubercular  pus  from  one  of  the  cows  had 
been  added,  were  tubercular. 


Introduction  of  Virulent  Cultures  of  Bovine  Tubercle  Bacilli  Into 

the    Circulation. 

In  order  to  make  a  study  of  the  methods  of  detecting  tubercle 
bacilli  in  the  blood,  it  was  attempted  to  produce  artificially  the  tuber- 
culous bacteriemia  which  we  had  failed  to  find.  A  cow  suffering 
from  advanced  tuberculosis  (No.  7)  and  a  plump  three-year-old 
steer  (No.  18)  were  selected  for  experiment.  The  cow  had  a  sub- 
maxillary  abscess  from  which  tuberculous  pus  and  a  calcareous 
gland  had  been  taken.  The  steer  had  been  twice  inoculated  when  a 
calf  with  attenuated  cultures  of  tubercle  bacilli.  There  was  no  re- 
action to  the  tuberculin  test.  The  animals  received  in  their  jugular 
veins  quantities  proportional  to  their  weights  of  a  suspension  of  live 
bovine  tubercle  bacilli  in  normal  salt  solution.  No.  7  received  200  cc. 
and  No.  18,  250  cc.  The  bacilli  had  been  washed,  dried,  ground  dry 
for  ten  minutes  in  a  revolving  Erlenmeyer  flask  containing  glass 
balls,  and  had  been  rotated  for  several  hours  more  after  the  addition 
of  normal  salt  solution.  About  200  mg.  of  tubercle  bacilli  were  con- 
tained in  250  cc.  Smears  of  the  suspension  mixed  with  blood  per- 
mitted the  rough  estimate  to  be  made  that  there  were  many  more 
free  bacilli,  and  as  many  clumps,  in  the  suspension  injected  into  No. 

26 


18  as  there  were  white  corpuscles  in  the  entire  circulating  blood  of 
the  animal.  Inasmuch  as  many  corpuscles  had  been  found  in  almost 
every  field  of  most  of  the  blood-preparations  of  this  investigation,  it 
was  expected  that  many  bacteria  would  be  found  in  each  field  of  the 
slides  of  the  steer's  blood.  No.  18  was  bled  from  the  jugular  vein, 
of  the  side  which  had  not  received  the  inoculation,  at  intervals  of 
thirty  minutes,  five  hours,  eleven  hours,  twenty-five  hours,  forty-six 
hours  and  ten  days  from  inoculation.  The  routine  miscroscopic 
blood  examination  failed  to  reveal  any  tubercle  bacilli. 

Part  of  a  mixture  of  the  blood  sediments  of  the  first  five  bleedings 
was  inoculated  intraperitoneally  into  a  guinea  pig,  which  was 
allowed  to  live  eleven  weeks.  Another  guinea  pig  received  the  sedi- 
ment of  the  sixth  and  last  bleeding  and  was  killed  at  the  end  of  ten 
weeks.  At  autopsy  both  animals  appeared  to  be  entirely  normal. 

The  steer's  temperature  rose  rapidly  to  105.5  after  inoculation,  but 
fell  to  normal  the  next  morning.  After  a  few  days  the  temperature 
began  to  rise  again,  and  four  weeks  after  inoculation  the  animal  died. 
Autopsy,  performed  twenty-four  hours  after  death,  showed  the  lungs 
to  be  crowded  with  miliary  tubercles.  The  spleen  contained  on  the 
average  one  miliary  tubercle  in  each  square  centimeter  of  its  surface. 
The  kidneys  contained  a  few  miliary  tubercles  and  the  liver  none. 
The  mediastinal,  inguinal,  pelvic,  and  crural  lymph-nodes  were  en- 
larged and  soft.  In  the  heart  were  a  clot  and  some  red  turbid  serum. 
The  centrifugalized  sediment  of  this  serum  showed  many  coarse 
bacilli  and  one  group  of  three  tubercle  bacilli. 

Cow  7  was  bled  one  hour,  five  hours,  eleven  hours,  twenty-five 
hours,  forty-six  hours  and  fourteen  days  after  inoculation,  and  the 
blood  was  examined.  One  short  structure  resembling  a  tubercle 
bacillus  was  found  in  a  smear  from  the  top  layer  of  the  sediment 
drawn  eleven  hours  after  inoculation.  This  slide  had  been  decol- 
orized by  the  rosolic  acid  solution.  All  the  other  slides  were  unques- 
tionably negative. 

A  guinea  pig  which  received  part  of  a  mixture  of  the  sediment 
from  the  first  five  of  the  six  bleedings  was  killed  eleven  weeks  after 
inoculation  and  found  to  be  normal. 

The  cow's  temperature  rose  immediately  after  inoculation  to  107.5, 
and  in  a  few  hours  fell  almost  to  normal.  Then  the  temperature  rose 
gradually  to  107.8  and  subsided  almost  to  normal.  The  curve  of  this 
last  rise  and  fall  suggested  the  course  of  a  severe  tuberculin  reaction. 
No  corresponding  rise  and  fall  had  occurred  in  the  temperature  of 
steer  18.  The  cow  died  nine  weeks  after  inoculation.  Autops> 
showed  extensive  chronic  lesions  and  no  acute  miliary  tuberculosis. 
The  right  submaxillary,  bronchial,  anterior  mediastinal,  portal  and 
•  mesenteric  lymph-nodes  were  found  calcified.  The  left  mediastinal 
and  parotid  lymph-nodes  were  caseous.  The  left  submaxillary 
lymph-nodes  had  broken  down  and  had  formed  a  large  abscess. 
Both  lungs  were  extensively  involved  with  old  lesions,  some  con- 
necting with  the  bronchi.  The  spleen  showed  a  calcified  nodule  2 
cm.  in  diameter.  The  liver  and  kidneys  were  normal. 

A  third  time  we  introduced  tubercle  bacilli  into  the  circulation  of 
the  cattle  and  attempted  to  recover  them  from  their  blood.  Cow  3 
of  Group  A  had  advanced  tuberculosis.  Tubercle  bacilli  had  been 
found  in  the  pus  of  a  large  axillary  abscess.  The  animal  was  put 

27 


deeply  under  the  influence  of  chloral  and  its  right  carotid  artery  was* 
exposed.  Fifteen  cc.  of  suspension  of  180  mg.  of  live  bovine  tubercle, 
bacilli,  which  had  been  washed,  dried  and  ground  in  a  revolving  flask 
for  one  hour  before  the  addition  of  normal  salt  solution,  was  intro- 
duced through  a  needle  into  the  artery.  Blood  was  withdrawn  from 
the  jugular  vein  of  the  same  side,  but  from  a  point  distant  from  the 
operation  wound,  twenty-five  minutes,  one  and  one-half  hours,  two 
days,  and  six  days  after  the  inoculation.  The  blood  drawn  twenty- 
five  minutes  after  the  introduction  of  the  organisms  showed  tubercle 
bacilli  as  follows : 

A  search  of  seventy  minutes  in  the  specimen  from  the  centrifugal- 
ized  and  laked  blood  showed  five  clumps,  one  group  of  four,  one 
group  of  two,  and  one  single  bacillus. 

A  search  of  fifty-five  minutes  in  the  first  preparation  from  the  top 
layer  (decolorized  by  rosolic  solution)  showed  two  clumps. 

A  search  of  sixty  minutes  in  the  second  preparation  from  the  top 
layer  (decolorized  by  nitric  acid)  showed  one  clump. 

Both  smears  from  the  bottom  of  the  sediment  (one  decolorized  by 
rosolic  and  one  by  nitric  acid)  showed  no  bacilli  after  sixty-six  and 
seventy-two  minutes'  search. 

No  tubercle  bacilli  were  found  in  specimens  from  the  bleedings 
made  from  one  and  one-half  hours  to  six  days  after  inoculation. 

Half  of  a  mixture  of  the  sediments  drawn  twenty-five  minutes  and 
an  hour  and  a  half  after  inoculation  was  inoculated  intraperitoneally 
into  a  guinea  pig.  Ten  and  one-half  weeks  later  the  guinea  pig  was 
killed.  Three  tubercles  2  mm.  in  diameter  were  found  in  the  spleen. 
No  other  lesions  were  discovered. 

A  guinea  pig  was  inoculated  intraperitoneally  with  the  combined 
sediments  of  the  blood  specimens  drawn  two  and  six  days  after  inoc- 
ulation. The  animal  died  six  weeks  after  receiving  the  blood.  Autopsy 
showed  the  presence  of  three  full-term  fetuses,  but  no  lesions  of 
tuberculosis.  The  results  of  the  guinea-pig  inoculation  in  this  case 
confirmed  the  miscroscopic  findings.  The  natural  conclusion  would 
be  that  the  abundant  tubercle  bacilli  had  been  rapidly  filtered  from 
the  blood. 

The  temperature  of  cow  3  dropped  for  two  hours  after  inoculation 
and  then  rose  rapidly  to  106.  The  temperature  soon  fell  slightly  and 
then  slowly  developed  a  marked  daily  variation.  This  animal  had 
been  running  an  irregular  elevated  temperature  before  the  experi- 
ment. Death  resulted  five  weeks  after  inoculation  from  hemorrhage 
from  a  ruptured  aneurism  at  the  point  of  inoculation  in  the  carotid. 
Autopsy  showed  many  hard  tubercles  averaging  0.5  cm.  in  diameter 
scattered  throughout  both  lungs.  One  small  tubercle  was  seen  in  the 
right  kidney  and  one  in  the  tissues  near  the  aneurism.  The  medi- 
astinal  lymph-nodes  were  calcareous  and  the  post-pharyngeal  nodes 
were  purulent.  Most  of  the  lesions  appeared  to  have  been  of  long 
duration,  and  autopsy  gave  no  evidence  of  acute  miliary  tuberculosis. 

The  experiments  just  described  show  that  artificially  introduced 
tubercle  bacilli  are  rapidly  removed  from  the  circulation  of  healthy 
and  of  tuberculous  cattle.  That  the  capillaries  of  the  lungs  are  more 
efficient  as  filters  than  the  capillaries  of  the  peripheral  circulation  is 
suggested  by  the  almost  complete,  if  not  entire,  absence  of  tubercle 

28 


bacilli  from  blood  which  had  necessarily  passed  through  the  pul- 
monary circulation,  and  by  the  presence  of  bacilli  in  blood  which 
needed  to  go  only  from  a  peripheral  artery  to  the  corresponding 
peripheral  vein.  Possibly  this  quality  of  the  lung  capillaries  may  be 
one  of  the  causes  of  the  great  frequency  of  pulmonary  involvement 
when  tubercle  bacilli  have  entered  the  body  at  points  distant  from 
the  lungs. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  inoculation  produced  in  a  healthy  young 
steer  a  rapid  and  fatal  miliary  tuberculosis,  while  in  Cows  3  and  7 
not  more  than  an  aggravation  of  the  existing  extensive  chronic 
tuberculosis  was  brought  about.  It  would  appear  that  long-standing 
chronic  tuberculosis  produced  a  ,much  higher  power  of  resistance 
against  newly  introduced  infection  than  did  the  intravenous  injec- 
tion of  attenuated  cultures.  That  cattle  affected  with  chronic  tuber- 
culosis should  be  somewhat  resistant  to  acute  tuberculosis  from 
inoculation  would  be  expected;  but  the  great  resistance  shown  by 
Nos.  3  and  7  to  overpowering  introductions  of  virulent  bovine  bacilli 
into  the  blood  stream  is  interesting  and  suggestive. 

The  work  on  tubercle  bacilli  in  the  blood  was  done  in  conjunction 
with  Wilbur  A.  Sawyer,  M.  D.,  physician  at  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia Infirmary,  Berkeley. 

Dr.  Sawyer  and  I  are  indebted  to  Archibald  R.  Ward,  B.  S.  A., 
D.  V.  M.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Bacteriology  in  the  University  of 
California ;  to  Miss  Margaret  Henderson,  B.  S.,  Instructor  in  Bacteri- 
ology in  the  University  of  California ;  to  David  N.  Morgan,  B.  S.,  and 
to  Ned  D.  Baker,  B.  S.,  for  valuable  advice  and  assistance. 


29 


CONCLUSIONS. 

This  paper  is  intended  as  a  preliminary  report  and  as  more  data  is 
obtained,  these  conclusions  may  be  modified  somewhat.  They  arc 
given  merely  as  a  summary  of  results  thus  far  obtained. 

(1)  Bovovaccine  fails  to  protect  calves  until  two  and  one-half 
years  old,  under  California  conditions.    Some  immunity  seems  to  be 
produced. 

(2)  Tuberculosis  will  sometimes  spread  rapidly  in  cattle  under 
strictly  outdoor  conditions. 

(3)  The  retesting  of  cattle  within  six  weeks,  even  when  Vallee's 
method  is  used,  is  unsatisfactory.     Some  tubercular  cattle  will  not 
react  to  tuberculin  on  retesting  even  after  three  months. 

(4)  Numerous      microscopic     examinations,      by     Rosenberger's 
method,  of  blood  sediments  from  twenty  tuberculous  cattle,  failed  to 
give  evidence  that  tubercle  bacilli  existed  in  the  circulating  blood. 

(5)  In  one  instance  tubercle  bacilli  were  recovered  from  blood 
drawn  twenty-five  minutes  after  inoculation  of  the  arterial  blood- 
stream. 

(6)  Guinea-  pig  inoculations  with  the  blood  sediments  of  twenty 
tuberculous  cattle  failed  to  produce  tuberculosis. 

(7)  Tubercle  bacilli  which  have  been  experimentally  thrown  into 
the  blood-stream  are  rapidly  removed  from  the  circulation.    Experi- 
ment suggests  that  the  capillaries  of  the  lungs  are  more  efficient  in 
arresting  bacilli  than  the  peripheral  capillaries. 

(8)  Judging  from  two  instances  only,  cattle  affected  with  chronic 
tuberculosis  seem  much  more  resistant  to  acute  tuberculosis  from 
inoculation    than    one-tubercular    cattle.      Chronic    tuberculosis    in 
cattle  appears  to  produce  a  partial  immunity  against  fresh  inocula- 
tion with  bovine  tubercle  bacilli. 

University  Farm,  Davis,  California. 


30 


REMARKS. 

Dr.  Lewis  Sayre  Mace,  San  Francisco :  I  believe  the  skin  tests 
are  largely  in  disfavor  now,  on  account  of  their  inaccuracy.  The 
reaction  may  be  present  in  a  case  of  tuberculosis  where  a  very 
small  and  absolutely  insignificant  lesion  is  present.  It  has  been 
shown  that  these  reactions  depend  upon  certain  conditions  which 
follow  no  rule.  Personally  I  would  not  place  any  dependence 
upon  the  Moro  or  the  von  Pirquet  reaction  or  the  ocular  reaction, 
and  I  will  say  that  I  have  seen  negative  results  in  early  cases  in 
which  removed  tissue  gave  a  positive  result  in  guinea-pig  tests. 

Dr.  Stanley  P.  Black,  Pasadena — The  question  of  testing  of  cattle 
I  think  is  a  very  important  one.  I  am  very  glad  that  it  was  brought 
out  to-day.  For  several  years  we  have  been  retesting  cattle  with 
doubtful  reactions  in  Pasadena.  While  I  have  not  felt  quite  clear  in 
my  conscience  in  regard  to  it  I  have  re-admitted  two  herds  of  cattle 
which  have  stood  the  second  tests.  Now  I  think  that  was  wrong. 
We  must  adopt  the  sign  of  the  Roman  Coliseum  for  the  slaughter, 
"Kill."  However,  it  is  not  right  that  the  dairymen  should  lose 
every  penny  of  the  money.  Some  of  them  are  dishonest  enough  to 
sell  cows  to  somebody  else,  cows  that  should  be  slaughtered;  this 
I  know  has  been  and  is  being  done  all  the  time.  When  we  have 
reacting  cows  in  Pasadena  we  now  brand  them  with  a  large  tbc. 
on  the  jaw,  so  that  she  cannot  be  sold  to  some  unsuspecting  person 
as  a  good  cow.  This  is  a  great  help  in  recognizing  them  when  they 
are  to  be  separated  from  the  herd  where  before  the  only  way  we 
had  of  finding  them  was  by  reading  the  number  of  the  ear  tag,  and 
until  we  adopted  this  method  of  branding  we  had  a  hard  time  in 
finding  the  infected  cows.  The  only  way  of  solving  this  question, 
of  preventing  the  sale  of  infected  meat,  is  for  the  State  to  pay  an 
indemnity  for  tubercular  cattle.  The  public  ought  to  pay  the  bill 
as  it  is  the  only  way  out  of  it. 

Previous  to  the  reading  of  the  foregoing  papers  several  tuber- 
culous cows  were  examined  and  the  various  phases  of  the  tuberculin 
test  exemplified  by  Dr.  C.  M.  Haring  and  Dr.  Walter  Bates. 

A  reacting  cow  was  selected  and  after  physical  examination  iu 
the  amphitheater,  removed  and  slaughtered. 

At  the  close  of  the  program  the  tubercular  lesions  of  the  animal 
were  demonstrated  by  Chester  Roadhouse,  D.  V.  M.,  Ex-U.  S. 
Meat  Inspector  and  Veterinarian  of  the  San  Francisco  County 
Medical  Milk  Commission. 


31 


REPORT  OF  THE  ALAMEDA  COUNTY  MEDICAL   MILK 

COMMISSION. 

Alameda,  Cal.,  April  .16,  1910. 
President  and  Members,  California  Milk  Commission, 

Dear  Sirs — A  little  over  a  year  ago  the  Alameda  County  Medical 
Society  took  up  the  "Certified  Milk"  work  theretofore  done  by  the 
"Home  Club"  of  Oakland.  The  Society  appointed  a  milk  commis- 
sion consisting  of  five  (5)  members  and  gave  this  commission  full 
power  to  act. 

The  Commission  chose  for  its  experts  Dr.  A.  R.  Ward,  State 
Bacteriologist,  and  Professor  M.  E.  Jaffa,  State  Chemist,  who 
ren'der  frequent  reports  on  the  conditions  of  the  herds  and  dairies; 
on  the  methods  of  producing  and  handling  the  milk  and  on  the 
quality  and  purity  of  the  milk  itself. 

We  now  issue  certificates  to  two  dairies,  "Walnut  Grove  Dairy," 
of  Santa  Clara  County,  and  "Timm's  Dairy,"  of  Dixon. 

The  expenses  of  the  chemical  bacteriological  and  veterinary  in- 
spections are  paid  for  by  the  dairymen ;  while  the  running  expenses 
of  the  Commission  are  covered  by  the  receipts  from  the  sale  of 
certificates.  These  certificates  are  sold  for  $1.25  per  1,000,  or  one» 
eighth  of  a  cent  a  piece.  4 

We  find  this  sufficient  to  pay  all  our  expenses  and  to  leave  us  a 
balance  on  hand  of  $193. 

At  present  these  two  dairies  are  delivering  daily  in  Alameda  36 
quarts,  in  Berkeley  264  quarts,  and  in  Oakland  830  quarts,  a  total  of 
1,130  quarts  daily. 

We  have  endeavored  to  keep  our  requirements  for  "Certified 
Milk"  in  accord  with  those  of  the  Milk  Commission  of  the  San 
Francisco  Medical  Society,  so  that  the  requirements  of  the  Com- 
missions about  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  would  be  uniform. 

The  milk  situation  in  Alameda  County  is  very  good;  but  great 
progress  can  be  made  by  a  continuous  campaign  of  education- 
education  of  the  physician  as  well  as  of  the  consumer. 

We  are  now  issuing  educational  pamphlets  to  be  distributed  by 
the  dairies  and  by  the  Women's  Clubs  of  the  county. 

The  Commission  does  not  recognize  "Inspected  Milk  or  Pasteur- 
ized Milk."  It  recognizes  "Certified  Milk"  only. 

Yours  truly, 

J.  K.  HAMILTON, 
Secretary  Milk  Commission,  Alameda  County  Medical  Society. 

Bay  Station,  Alameda. 


32 


Pamphlet 
Binder 

Gaylord  Bros.,  Inc. 

Makers 

Stockton,  Calif. 
PAT.  JAN.  21.  1908 


M1189Q 


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